According to natural classification, organisms in the same group had g:u-tt0-dn :u h j/pu :nml7xmwhat in commg nmtjl:-/u:u p d:7mn u-tx0hon?

  The diagram below represents the three domains of lifefkx4abf-olyt4a1* ,u .

  The organisms in the 6tv9g1nrec t5 table below all share a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the correct definitzxg3 lw+ig / itjhsgt**-t91b ion of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the corre:g9+mcy vfesp1 5 mmr/ct order for taxonomic levels used in c9v+1m:/ m erfpgmy5sbiological classification?

  What evidence can be, and has been used, to determine 4be8 aworgz3)ym/o:x2 wo4vy the members of the same cladwv3e)/x: 2yma 8bogo wroy4z4 e?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the corw / qk7aexwkt c8svnx8+gj+7/rect definition of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosob:d5k oed jo-.5.k f-wm0iazed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a node in the clm z1gp*kd mxt)ek -v-z6ji) s4adogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are the most closely ri,ek+qo 3b j8aelated?

  Early cladograms were constructed by comparing structures ojr s+cfh.y.x1 f organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular genr1x. +cy fsj.he.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced f*e4t7,: s7n v0l+czldhmbltnrom the cladogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolutionary origip 56w4eqcuu7 cns of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. The itale7qc uc6p4u5wicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reasizvrur 2/ y.zn zg)v9(on for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for organisms being in the i3fwg h.9ftljde 2dr )15cfz* +z6qtmsame clade?

  What is the relationship oj4/bx(jpbbo nvv7tmkqe u/ 6bb+2.:between the number of differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a c +6 jv7tvxb/pub/bbj n keb m4o2(q.:oommon ancestor?

  The table shows the number of differences in amino acid sequenc- ys8*vkpdb8 xes for the Insulin-A protein, between pigs and othpsy-x*kb 88 dver organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistus sp. of the Medcwx+u /:y:cm4m)s qik f j,+fmiterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a gx:mj:q4fiu ms c, y+ ckw+mf)/enus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochug,v- /yytvjncc p/5 +ondrial DNA can be used to construct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from twv7o1bih ; p5fl l3a2izovc2;ko different organisms is shownk;73vvz oac 2ph5ll21;bo i fi in the table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms for pp31 ier3iwlk:o ym685i n2)grcuc- lv:fs gs,rimates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequenf8irm owge:)c, i52y-3r6scpnk1glu vi s l3 :ces and the other using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence fxwhc5 10edzjasr p /9b.gs. 4yrom cladistics. Cladogram 1, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historicapb cje1 .y59dh a/ 0wsxrszg.4l view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to 5+o8(8ku ahlcrkg/ aw1g b3nj group organisms with common ancestry together, base+j1kh 5kw g/ruln(obc 8a3ga8 d on similarities and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.