According to natural classification, organisms in(7tctu(0ic9ixlvi g5,2u ug f the same group had what in common? ti g l,9c7uut2v u5fgii(c(x0

  The diagram below represents tl( - af/ f0oantyo0/ykvsh,9y he three domains of life.

  The organisms in the table b-l my s o:a0m3 0mcbzm7rcv,e0: asz2nelow all share a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the correct definition of e6vwkwxk1xr0 ; volution?

  Which of the following represents the corre ico*s .s jrh7q5qlo67ct order for taxonomic levels used in biol oqc6 r7l*jqs7. ho5isogical classification?

  What evidence can be, and hdq.rc+pnike38g) m4 na9xru5as been used, to determine the members of the same claden9r8g 3 dc4xk u)n.ia5peqr+m?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct defixtwq48 e0*z fsds 2h8bnition of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosed organelles beloa).ax8-gaqby tc*ap 8ng to?

  Which arrow correctly identifiesu74kqh 25u r dnn+jn;j a node in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogrb .e32c 0v hm8vhzq*k7naiu-qam, which two primates are the most closely related?

  Early cladograms were constructed by comparing structures of organisms -kpe,yd eb)m.. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is e) p kme,.dy-bbased on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced fj**vp t,57bvaieu 5jx4:ncn peh(u g1 rom the cladogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolgmwmdhbhj(xl/ l.1t6 f2+ k .vutionary origins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying.1(t/mmwbj.6 hhv2+ fklgd x l mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reason for 19 njzpwcis).2z xf:. jd+lbh reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for organisms being inlj/35g8 7bp5ivg z p suoiud++ the same clade?

  What is the relationship between the number l0n( n7qy boltz08)r7ww qi c4of differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a common ancestor?w7tb0crl0l in q8(zy7wqn o)4

  The table shows the number of differences in amino acid sequences o 9a:5fi qxti-c5lzb 8yvc5 f;for the Insuli li: zoccb-fq 5a5f5;8yx iv9tn-A protein, between pigs and other organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed o57ckr b7wog -8m:wm icf9iv07*vbhlon the Cistus sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered:*-ob9io7rwk mh8c5ivb7m7flw g0 c v species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial Db tn/f sl svt99oubhl;+ 0-8tdNA can be used to construct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the sx+ldakn x9n gtjz(8/-ame section of DNA but from two different organisms is shown in theg8nn 9z xjtalx/kd+( - table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show9e/cs1o ayovscn:1 /d*3w 0 zt5b)pkf;hpkdt two cladograms for primates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequencespy f:cdhs bztw1 1t d3o5k9)*n;0secvpka// o and the other using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidencc, ti 7dy 1)0 qso1ajgdxy(v5je from cladistics. Cladogram 1, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species 7(i,q01ax v)gyjsd1 5 tydcojthan Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organ8 iway/f.0c-h-oi0wmn l m3c zisms with common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. All orwnio/m zw0m-f-c 0 3yah8cli.ganisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.