According to natural classification, organisms in the same group had whh1hh7ydhwlt +8 9a(ftat in commahh9t wl7ytd1 (f+8 hhon?

  The diagram below represents f7to f4m pue(bf12a9dthe three domains of life.

  The organisms in the table below all share a cot+j,()o4q) +k y. vlb+r le ;kcx fqjb9pykyf;mmon ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the 9+cl6s ix/o hbcorrect definition of evolution?

  Which of the following represent vfso f;)kz3x,6a*yk es the correct order for taxonomic levels used in biolog*)v k6sk e3;fyzxaf ,oical classification?

  What evidence can be, and has bknq( te5t u;2xeen used, to determine the members of the same cladetq(t u x2nke;5?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct definition of a hlr 7niqa,2w)t ,j4y tclade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-e6 u*rwa1uwd441eu4b7 o zszzxnclosed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly id+bw-.:pbftigz hc) / gentifies a node in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates ap,nk+f po5j j9re the most closely related?

  Early cladograms were constructed by comls,i)is kg*g7x7mss/sw bu0v,ob9z 4paring structures of organisms. The cladogram on the left iox,b s/ sw0 gskmz7*siiu7v 4b9,sg)ls based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the cbo3n7/ c(g0v sfeby :rladogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolutionary oriyo07oz2y (ee cgins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying(02 zyocyoe e7 mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reason for reclassificab+( afcun:/pnfk4. 6ot6ackntion?

  Which of the following is not evidence for orgwncf9.2kzn i u 49k4fjanisms being in the same clade?

  What is the relationship between the number onebrl s3dntcww6 ;l,bvp:2u-z9k ( m;f differences in DNA base sequences w;z:;6n r bl39ewbk2p dmcl,-snvtu ( and time since divergence from a common ancestor?

  The table shows the number of differences in amino ax8zry v2jo3v eu+7ktlb2k3r( cid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, between pigs and other 3rv(z+7k 2ovk jb lyrx 2etu83organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistus ebr,yy-d y.3chw942kosu* l-dfh wmy* :-n tw sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a genus of plants tha9d*-k* 2:-ywysu o-rm3nw w.ehthb,ydfc4 lyt are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used to cn6q daa 7a8 w,9znrz*bonstruct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two different orsbhn ,g1o6nm,s8*6,fb:rus t agv-c wganisms is shown in the table bnvt 6 rb1ss68gas:mgbn-u h,*,wcfo , elow.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show twoi eapz(lj9r( + cladograms for primates. One cladogram was made using data9raj(eilp z (+ from DNA sequences and the other using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 17j2gvm4j 08dhoko *ea, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. C8oj*evm 7a0jg2 k4dohladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organisqlbg9-8neafs +etmr 6 ukea*45 w3xy*ms with common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classified into one of the threefa*na4bt86 w*3sekyg- m5e+ 9qu rexl domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.