According to natural classification, organisms in the sa hjzmuen ,4hd;s-4 (wgme group had what in comews4 4huz,(h;nmdgj- mon?

  The diagram below represents th5 0jihf.le7a,zp7 8yo p rqd9ae three domains of life.

  The organisms in the table-q )-i lytpr:x1e5 nyo below all share a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the correct definition o)li g4:e;o4bf6qpxgt hl*0 mt) ef )pyf evolution?

  Which of the following represents the corre :*f1zegpiv wb br0r2.ct order for taxonomic levels used in biologic2b.f0ivgpzre*w r1:b al classification?

  What evidence can be, and .8(qvyd22mr/. qarqhntt xt4 has been used, to determine the members of the same clat82.tq4d2qn ry/ v m( qxrh.tade?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which b86+b aklrpg 5ek 9ymgf +/,ykis the correct definition of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with m7dymu o2 jx6xroaezm g.;0a zz7zm;6/embrane-enclosed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a node im vc38:tiydc/ dp/k i:1lv; vmn the cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are the most closely relatedntv y( sk6 q4jv,g.qm3?

  Early cladograms were ct2(qtj:ya *m g+aeix y3hk1t8onstructed by comparing structures of organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladae aqxyi(m 8*h t y+2:gtj13ktogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the cladogram ,nu 86x nr,eq)*usx 1mtmazm*?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evo h)irue slc,x)z/ho*8lutionary origins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are ic /ho)h )xl8ursz*,e extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reason for rbhg,r.s0qr 2reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for organismspxazh( u4z2 ;(nbt er+ being in the same clade?

  What is the relationship between the number of diffe3g n)d l my7nt 8/yvnzae.w5w)rences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a commdw/y m3l)nv y .n)g875 eawtnzon ancestor?

  The table shows the number of diw9(i9* y)h fauc1gx gbfferences in amino acid sequences for the Insulin-A(fx u* yg iw1bc)a99hg protein, between pigs and other organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistus uxm6mvdh;(voh;oy94rop94 w q5 gs 8 rsp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are o mo4 d 8r6xowgrmv 9s;v(h9yu4pq5h;commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used to co kg9 p8-l7ba )ka.aneo.uld6u nstruct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two different 79a g.kh) soqrd )w4puorganisms is shown in the table below. 7 uarsh ) .q)49gwpdko

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms for primates. One cladogrdkmcgh g -9u-h-/8vfnt dj +5kam was made using data from DNA sequences and the other using amino acid sequenc 5h8vhk-- uknc/df gt9g+jm-des.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified usiprtv/a cn 5zoq.6+gfv .;q4dv.vcvn3ng evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 1, based on DNA comparisons f.5qrt.3 /;6cvopancg vqvd .4+v zv nof several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to gr j kwr**:l+ zg3auv/ohoup organisms with common ancestry together, based 3awz:kr+l/ u*g ojh* von similarities and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.