According to natural classification, organisms in the same group had wwl3;upg7, ur9 *uo ozq5 : sksnlzg:s)hat in commonu5;q zo: uzgs gsk97, ll ):rws*puo3n?

  The diagram below represents the three domain c24g eydx5g:gs of life.

  The organisms in the table below all shj j-3a-kw60ntk8sqe u9vc cu,zw6xn 3are a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the cgdn+ 3+ngw/-(sf nuxxo*z po;orrect definition of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the correct order for taxonomic levelsqcfk,3dq /50ta zqk l( used in biological classificationq3cl/t0q ,zd (k5qaf k?

  What evidence can be, and has been used, to determine the me)t(ld4b 1k q 4(ybmaajmbers of the same cladd (by4)tam14k ab q(lje?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct definitionyc739vybe 5jfjq:k :p of a clade?

  To which domain do oac:1 w5pe:+4froa k*l kob(by rganisms with membrane-enclosed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a node in the cladogram? xb. u mqy,561.jeqz a6grsuy4

  According to the cladogram,d7d/ ky6oiys9usc36q which two primates are the most closely related?

  Early cladograms were constructed by/rqxj87z h-l a comparing structures of organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.7lhqax 8jrz/ -


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced frooti os1gnxzp6 :o0udu l76y41m the cladogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolutionaryj20i ablz;by0 8yr, gx origins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. Thebgx ryi,z08a ly2b0;j italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a rto4 :v9 9ofui79bitt; i06adr p2r lxreason for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evide5 y*hwtlka2-0kxn2 n odme*tro:; xv4 nce for organisms being in the same clade?

  What is the relationship between the number of differences;hmd hc2z9,ce in DNA base sequences and time since divergencehdmhc, e 9c2z; from a common ancestor?

  The table shows the number of differences in amino acid seque/z , bngwwg-2xpfj, oe(tu5 b9nces for the Insulin-A proteo w2bgxbtzjw5u/(9-,e , pgnfin, between pigs and other organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the 9 w:i 5e2hroruCistus sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a gerieo u9 h:r5w2nus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used to conn 5,ohg+1tis gw (5ecxd7+fiqstruct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section ofdbsfoe 4k5hkr0(s+ * t DNA but from two different organisms is shown in the table below. st*5+er sfd4(kokb0 h

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two clad ini v shb,m,bs;c97a1wd :qj8ograms for primates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequences and the otq :17di,ha bj,9nsism cbv8w;her using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 1, bwoul6.15a tbaased on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA compa.a5 ow 1a6lubtrisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group orga2*2 nlowkqopg f* a7/x neh8:*;hb aiinisms with common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classified into one of the tep;27*hngb*l2a/8o: kh qf* w xinio ahree domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.