According to natural classification, organisms in rix2xq3d 7ic* le i.rfv 0bj1bhw4g *3the same group had what in common?fx7lib.c4wi2d0j1vxeb qr 3gi3r h **

  The diagram below represe3h ck45h .begmnts the three domains of life.

  The organisms in the 4p 2w y8vo*kuwfjs(o1k/js s4 l v8(cdtable below all share a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following stateme(/su 45v )1tfpuqfg(0jkicjka x u,u79 ;ixhrnts is the correct definition of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the correct order for tax.fsf5ptjlku+4f 6m/ xonomic levels used in biological classificstfuf 46jf .lk px+/m5ation?

  What evidence can be, and has gigp3 fqz6pv)tb-:95ygb )e n,mzy p/been used, to determine the members of the same cl5z 3iqg6-fpytzm,b n )v9ppb/e y:g g)ade?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct definitiogtbik/k bn w*g)d +q6 h46l6zjn of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosed okl3ne4;u qc (prganelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a noden+ab;0r 9b sb0)le g+fb-. +feabgvxc in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are the most claok+qe9xjw1 +ov k0 2iosely related?

  Early cladograms were constructed by comparing structures of organisms. The cladty ex1v qq,z-;(h1ml cyvr7y0ogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequencevr;mtey 0q1- z,ylqh7( c1 vyx of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the cladm9+.hna zb9grogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolutionary origins of the platyp:oihm210+xvt .naeb0up z bh0us (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-pioe +a.tb0 0z x1bmh0:un2vhlaying mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reason for reclassifiz5(p 1 mdmmlgxjv6+g3i7.qedf v 7a( s44ihkrcation?

  Which of the following is not evidence for organisms being in the 3d:odskdrx 0*r je .4msame clade?

  What is the relationship between the number ofcoop9/jsh*s8:b8 ih l *cz cd. differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence fr: i/so cdobc8 8 pc9.shj**hlzom a common ancestor?

  The table shows the number of dif-4blnh hy)n q16avhv00:cant sz/b hjb -0y5z ferences in amino acid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, behq4jvhha6atz 1-vslny 000b - n)b/:z hcbn5ytween pigs and other organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Ci+b g 1:0sqp8p 1xe2w .ztgrxgrstus sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the dw+xgbq rt8 .0z1:1 grsppg2exifferent white-flowered species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used to construct h3yl63veu:tw ; 8a clx 02rftqa cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two different organism:k jwvnt3+ x3sc+tx pn5ge 9/us iwv3tupn/t k9g3+x5 j+ xcs :ens shown in the table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms for priu .ff:egvht12mates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequences and the other using :tghf1 .u2fevamino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassifixjh*y be-p qi,f( ;/ljed using evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 1, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladograex ;,l-jh(*p b/ijfyqm 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification:o 0eaf) -/rgy.nygq mgk/t(e is used to group organisms with common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. All organismqf(.-eky n a)/g e rt/ym0g:ogs can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.