According to natural classification, organisms in the same group had what inepk.g:e g0a:s 3m0ksz comk0e.3 es kzsa:g:0gmp mon?

  The diagram below represents the three domains of lifewh3 m-2yq,bar .

  The organisms in the table below all share a common ancest aa3mozkt7;hj3i (r2vkot/ 3hor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the correct a2gaggt5+v;)5s zp p gdefinition of evolution?

  Which of the followind88m sf(:ql1ldnt c g6 dqn,h(g represents the correct order for taxonomic levels used in biological classification?lm 6q(8:1hdl dfnq(gdc 8n,ts

  What evidence can be, and has been used, to determine the members of the same cl1-:znbdg7chgv ,9qr-drr z/ oadz,/ rz vr:dg-hqco71b d r9-nge?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct definie4iy 7 tz0gj m2eg0u8jtion of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosed organelles belong+,pis 6:q8uxen + l psiyxx9.c to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a node in then2hf,ov;z 3lty3 9a be cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are the most 8rc s2bbtm;o*g*w7bze; w)kqclosely related?

  Early cladograms were constructed by comparing structures of organisms. The clb s +8t 7 :wfsp1tlkjq+5 yzm5jfqfr0,adogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on jspf+ 7jlbt+t z,5 mfw85r:q0 ksy1qfthe right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information cantj81 j* bfmdl):s) bsg be deduced from the cladogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolutionary originsm; f)bd,+km lp of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feedp ,m;mk+bfl )t. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reas14)rd hsjht+1 3u) ccmfegsh1on for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evigvq)5/+we zmzdence for organisms being in the same clade?

  What is the relationshi6rf 3 +cdd)/v tunavu,c(bt4ap between the number of differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a cf )b43da nc(t vdt,a+c uuv/r6ommon ancestor?

  The table shows the number of differences in amino acid sequences for the Insu8gxvh:.i8gj;; uj;o akwib:z lin-A protein, between pigs and other organisms.8 ; j uw:az;vbhi8jk.g: g;iox

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cisnn:rnje 3uu1lh 0o, v1tus sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flo1 3 0n,enh1l on:ruvjuwered species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DN) c)r c0/wrarijn+ f: v,mrk7zA can be used to construct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two dif1sb2t: l(pt pn)sqni*si vc6 0ferent organisms is s 16q)c*t t bniin0s :lp2ps(vshown in the table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms fm mh69wp.4rk1ua whh wp:di3:or primates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequences and the otherha49hm w3m.p6w1k::u dwr hpi using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistics. Clad eunep5 6tj5m *j/w*vkogram 1, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based o5n jw5v jt*u*/p6meken DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organisms with common ancestry togetabdl(u)7ha o).ppp06wf0 ;m;zcmni r her, based on similaritiesp u()l6wbdia7;p0 0 mph c;nz)fa.m ro and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.