According to natural classijzc6d n ::z.bxr6zpn5 fication, organisms in the same group had what in comzzc :xj n6 pnzb.r:65dmon?

  The diagram below represents th 8m(1xhg qn -nbpc(b6pd8vq (ke three domains of life.

  The organisms in the table below allxgf)h c9tvb256pjzr5 share a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is the coree- sv: vmlg)j q v*:ew0f5(tdrect definition of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the cei*s6-l yn* ixorrect order for taxonomic levels used in biological classificatios n6l*y i-ie*xn?

  What evidence can be, and has been used,;.7axfgq +a 5p)mxdn w to determine the members of the same clade x.q pgw)fnm x7a;a+d5?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is t8ex+ou b; 4zhehe correct definition of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosed organelles belong t0v5w :3)fwl poyt ,zlx 8qzjm;o?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a node in the cladog2g rhxe(fg ;gic9 6c1s.3r) ;sb snvykram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are the most clos:;5n14kdv7(,hc wpapu kz jnm:4tyrqely related?

  Early cladograms were consjeh3k3kd gapy i;597 qtructed by comparing structures of organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparqae idh7gk3p kyj;935ing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the clado9ke5mn2fe f whj-r+b8w mzc86 gram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible epzdi wk- :3vj qv0:l:o 90dxssd;m/ mvvolutionary origins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. vps movd:s/d:0x:3 wvj0z;q li9m dk-The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reasz3jk x4w kcb*q6d1ic 8on for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for orn)wwf +6/y*msf-q maqganisms being in the same clade?

  What is the relationshipguob8ukm n05/c8*cwq between the number of differences in DNA base sequences and time 5qnc 0 *k/8 mbogu8cwusince divergence from a common ancestor?

  The table shows the numbed p.lrq,u*) k:rrl l6ar of differences in amino acid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, between pigs and other o:l ar)*u r.dkq6l rp,lrganisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistus sp. of th1jhub9to6sz6*(d yls fs +*qdwjf g5+e Mediterranean to look at the relationship1sj69+ojfbuy *dh+( 6z f ql5dts*wsg between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used iyj hr7,az72p to construct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section ofn6dfu op; lle ogk p;)m.x84r2 DNA but from two different organisms is shown i xd4olp;;p l)euo6 nrkg8.m2fn the table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below sh i4d22pdpq;hg- 9zs ayow two cladograms for primates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequences and the other using amino -y9ppqd2zshig;4 2d aacid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistics. Clado8/lg437u -hhkt xgz2hyhi0nc:tw - xigram 1, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical v8 ghk x--ut h270w4i /hhzclnt:y3 ixgiew of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classificatio f78dxhlv7d)jb kn5u ,n is used to group organisms with common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. All organisms7xfbd7d,v luk h8n j)5 can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.