The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could bzks:p*2 o tp+7aeoj04 (db ifge the polyploid number of chr4j a p+2tzkdo og(:i* s7epbf0omosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is )ewq pvyfl9b;gklzo0 +p,g a m9-p,4 a 5pql(tsimilar to the overalzb 0l,ya,(mt+v wk pl )gl9pag5pofqq; 4p- e9l structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidenw/ .f:b1gs ig nkx8-ysce supporting the hypothesis that two s8gb:ifky.w-g /1ns xpopulations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signalk my p32(9vrhw sl93jls to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns prrlhwy2 m vk39j(lps 39oduced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same tey h2i2ew ee . ,7-1m ekfcp.j8p6oeilocation?

  Which describes the similazzc4 7as0;u hh;+syw3x v(s qarities and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric cv(h7 z4sa swuaqxyhs;z 03;+ and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following ul5.rm5a 0l kvare often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homol 6sx6wfiyw.iwjcr*0 llw,c t ea2:7b*a l+)t jogous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. zx58- ylcvopyd; +w3z Which word is matched to the correzywd3oplz+y 8 - xcv;5ct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of c)e* 7 n(8nz,uo.uwnvv;hvtfd7sw u6similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the procecy 4 nbbk(c+/dss of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the fs9:b4gtl i )vt)ik)tt irst domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum)igtkl):b) t t4st9iv turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the ce liy)g7h;oc yx2 c.h3f )ih1pongo river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of gipy ce)h1yxlo 2 .ihc3) f;7hthe two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for 2km;qddx plqw 9e, bh7.4z;gwevolution through selective breeding?;b 94d2zk lx qegh .mw7pd;,wq
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while the oau301zuqsb)bsqk+ s 0rder of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species wasu s 10z3b)b0qa qus+ks 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which vd/ 2vnc7op2qhas 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mule2d2nqo/v7 vpc s?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contrac*zmmz :c1+u79mfjwe zeption pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevzm 7z + c9ufj1ez*:mmwis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatioru,d:l*h8c tvn?

  Which statement best illustrates th:xu.7 ln1s2wor qp w(22zorjue process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybriru9za v; x2pbp0not(q2 alpwhg8,h68gs: 3uhdise and form a new species. If both of the 8 w l gpszn(3,ugxrh a;a0vhup:29b8ho2tp 6q parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective/rlamd r0 j1:g breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy )sanp-fe1 vj)iu 2o yocj5.(f results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descript; dje/d(ffsaisfa .1 ,ion of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genusw5ab,qbz9b4t f ik ++k Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers c9 bkb+ if,tzwq45ak b+ame to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evoa ,c;9kd9w .5b eucfcq qg6p(alving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in9qd, p5k69e acfc;. (w qcgbau close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.