The diagram shows the haplu:kta,4 pio2ooid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chrokop,2:i aout 4mosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and mue9z uo+jx(f; zscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred tofz;+eu(o9xz j as?

  Which of the following q07qa*qt0sigwj v3t rg,gaxcd0i690is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two popul0qic 70j0av a q,gg6tdtqgi09x *3swr ations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. h,tdig*d0 bwvj7 7ci8fv ci68 pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species. di6tjc8h, 0vfi d b8g77vcwi*

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation ) ht8b(vl+g+kko2 31o oehgp iamong organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences betwe7d44l 4uvytn c0,*(l;lnz3psia yiioen isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric speciationsc*ivl ,noy07u44nl a(ly t ;ip i3z4d?

  Which of the following are often 2er+)eniz2 dabarriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structusai+zoktpw4, fy 6 i,:res?

  The table shows factors that can 37dl32uy epbbl aed ;t9nw.)hresult in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct definitiou9tda dlye 3p 7;l h2enwb3.)bn?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar stru;spw/y p 56jhlctures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occu4jpyq )vii*v,r during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and w60, akp9p sdg*l7bft ias the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum 69kadsf* 70bltigp, pand another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancest/ u-1xy n4g+4vagypsedf / q/ror of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolatio1ux pd nry 4gqe-s /f+v/4gay/n. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution tnco0l mc mc7 xj3z(n20+wa:j vh5lb4hhrough selective breeding: jvhl5m 00h4ncb3a 7zmw(o lx2cjn+c?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the 0vhtw9xf lsz 0;-fktz6:u:u nsame, while the order of amino f:u0 tnvl6hukfx9- : z z0tsw;acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, andredy u/c;-,bo emw 0 p,8*frvn a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mv r n-,pbef0,/omu*8r ycde ;wules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on h+p-gc/ +oke .hlu. w5ie;dprthe mating calls of the adult male African claweddw/er5 ph-heopg.. ;ckl+iu+ frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?n3zo . 9 j i:/tbx )j6sejcmeb):0dgtr

  Which statement best illustrates the vi-a42 o0rx b bdspw9(process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Penk*yl 3uh7uy4 rsicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species7*uynku34 hy l have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contra.2qzm dg t31htwa*otu*.wa 7l st natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive ijbdi 9iiw q.cnyd: p-k-y/ p8+q3:oy rsolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a ci.xmcvr s8,k6orrect description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Sejbcafx wh1ymz 3 3k( :rwe;;x:tophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close p:3ac wz1m;wfy bjx( :erx k3;hroximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral specie+ murw5d g(e;q8tzf*hs evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolmg;f85q z(+*rhdeu wt ated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.