The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could g bau3q o+5fb22;hmxt be the polyploid gb ;hfu+qtm53ba2x2 onumber of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is s( ;opmu9+ ybt;1i f ojj /-jqo*uff*2gtwx n.aimilar to thq* ay9+fob-;w*uoupj n .g ;jo x(2f jtt/1imfe overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence./1gw0bxo5jja lj24n hjfg4 l supporting the hypothesis that two populationsbhogjnj lg424w01jal /f j 5.x are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential fem6j5us2b)tmf e*npak 0 ale mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species f5ktsb* pm0a 2ej6un).

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among cwac 2 q7ryc0qx: 7vkp,fcl( 7pf*s -eorganisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similaritqb.2-r ka aj6mxh2nwr; +h ss6ies and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and all;h.qhab s nj rmk 62rsxa2+-w6opatric speciation?

  Which of the following are o7 p k1j-t k)( i+vjmldfdn+u5qften barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference betm n,nzzah, l1rd -7cx1ween homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciax,t6,feni,c 77thi,k cntg 0qtion. Which word is matched to the correctt,,qciigf7tn t,e0 7h c,n6xk definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of simq3op4 6mf8lsnsb*i2 qilar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during v 8/8ku im)uinn,re-b the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an)cpd9*uxoap ck p r6/. einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the corodk.ac)px6/ pucp *9 rrect term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided n14vv - nfuo;ua population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selectionuvnn ;u-fo14 v pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selec+n. wf xmcfv;.tive breedingf+.vcxwmf. n ;?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while th4c y)yb8( psnxe order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two specp(cy) bs84nyxies was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, h00q eh3zo :l cwe.a 8ff(jt6twhich has 62 chromosomes reproff h:oaceq(thtje8 0z. 3 0w6lduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of horm1k8-d4zhc8nk-dvx cmonal contraception pollution on the mating callsnh dcv8- k81-cd zm4xk of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation wem;up4 ny 2aa+8rd7h?

  Which statement bestp 0g7xo)*j)azv qcy +u illustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Pp3n/xyb 2 +zhtp-x-c kersicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter speci-+xt pnxph2/-cy zb 3kes most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection ans1 i4+whr)ox qd selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy n8s 6 tm;ceb(m2,h cztresults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a3 h;5lidmivz m,n 9r9l correct description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas o(a gqznr+s8 d)f four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). Wh (narz8q+)sd gat is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation resulkb p+0pmgv,w)ts in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species lim pw+0kv b,pg)ving in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.