The diagram shows the hap oa lo6kg6mw0-xf*d3 kb)k p(oloid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes *3okbx)pd0 f-w( kgkm6l 6oaofor this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and ui. pz/bg-muv3uru0* muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horseip*.u r b/zgu-uum3v0s. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence sup1yn bxxg t(g+3porting the hypothesis that two populatxxt bg y31ng(+ions are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to pote +ne7pjb7j dqb/* yge1ntial female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by thebj7e7ydgn /* q1b+pje ir own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in specia16/k0p3 hzmv bt 23dcc8lmb vdtion among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mec8pfq gc .s9+p t;bxdf1.ki2w shanisms in sympapqf ;cd 8gws+..if2s 91p tkxbtric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between2r.o rxz5; sfh species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference bbj7md)b,ce(2c) cnh h7g e5pjetween homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in rz;9 0og17gpzs4 2v8;cs ditje-n femspeciation. Which word is matched to the correct definition1s0n8poz;dt jv 4f-si r ;cgezg 27me9?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structurekrc2qm.gs; 0jsob2ab9 m cq )8s.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of speciat d5xib3vgljphx;/aujru0s 7 7 u5p976,pspvlion?

  Triticum monococcum is ankn zsvkx f;lq.,dqo7p1o9 4m0 krn 01x einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosom90q,zkxfp4 n1 1o n vmlqskxkr.d0o7;es. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population ondz j t-nwp8uw;9bxn+x1.;pyf the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytesznntyn. pwxx bj;w9 ;8p1d+u- ), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution throl( nbs *.e4p,pv2a,rw)oaa. mr/hi vdugh selective breeding? lp)v*dar/e rb24s.o ah(paim. v,,n w
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was : rg1q ml,zq*7nyk)la found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the samer1gam:k*znly,l 7q)q cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes rv0sbqhayp,weh 3wdtce ew .(3 0a29:seproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mulea a0tc0h eqs.hevyw 32s3:bw,ped9w(s?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conduct0 p0yt e22zypjed on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume ofy0y22ppz j0te clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive rad/bmum/)hk qb-w*r gh) o s,m0ciation?

  Which statement best illustrates the pkamkl) 6ny 7x4rocess of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and forgj.soh 4*p: wem a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is ap*.hgow je4s : daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selectio56kc dqp vt,0nn and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results ur fv/x9wnv+7:e2j: jr 6)c-xbi mfk uin reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descriptioon2w-xh (*kort*xq;j)x onj*y n4d b0 n of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of ur2d. n4wtmyg;uzx6v/ b-9 ai 6ee9jtfour species of warbler (genus Setophaga).e wur4-;i /j mn.t62e6abdytv9 zuxg9 What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation res ,dko dm/u0n 5l;ote*ahww+4b ults in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated./t0wd 4ao l,h;nm 5+ d*uweobk

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.