The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes i8r6 l(9q w s qxs:jmeiiy2jh9:n a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this organism:j (:mq8jxeis2l yhr isqw996 ?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms ofw8fe llg,4frv 0u/:tl bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these struct e,rt0lf4lu: v8/gw flures referred to as?

  Which of the following is- s03o*vrynd vlh9n maf:3on .mi +a(o the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two different specrhd m3.3nlo m- n0+f*o(: oiavayvn9sies?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to pote*iox**yel9mv su .zlknw rv 04b +zv.m,5 vt+jntial female mates by flashing its lights in specific pattern zzlvsbnvi*j9 0v5tu *4v.lm. e*xrwk+ m+yo,s. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same locatio4zf3lnh kkq* *d4oo9en?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mec344mjfx;y *u9u5l xe su+b6wk, xuavh hanisms in sympatric and alllsm4ukfew xx*av34x 5,uu9j b6;+y uhopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are gti5v8i5 jwoc:l 83do often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homol .lj7 s ;nus;*-:owrozukn0tj).n bk logous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can rescma4)/n/vwfm 1qtnhure2 / *nult in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct def* 1mnf42 /na rn)tuh /wce/vmqinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two 5s)qrah)+04b l .m+ysv dnkuppairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur durind3p(0*k*qy t6,hoa zse a6skl g the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the firsdh-h ly-a/b q/t domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat wi// ha--bdyhlq th a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the commonbgbw )69l+oi3wi 8yda ancestor of bono6iwilo 9)3+agdbwy8b bos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides ev *wi/ ue twe. ycw-9-fpvrn:5ridence for evolution through selective breeding*fn pyrt:/w -uevwe-crw 59i. ?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence bel.ic h)4idrd1v.kro; tween two species was found to be 78% the same, while the ordcd1l .4rvdi ik).o;r her of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donk-6 g7ku-7a v6ud* p5pssbk hs,df7 idmey, which has 62 chromosomes rep 7pk56*musd ghkbdvf7uip,7-s ds-a6roduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been con 5b +6lrd n)ee9p;njhhducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram rendhe b5j+h 9;6lnp)shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation0gpyl1e 4xa* bv*84e a5fcmba?

  Which statement best illustrates ebv8b-t. ,s op: c)qrb0dq8cbthe process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hyzz;dj.5 djz8p((auq6+kz dgn9dz5 m cbridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chn+z(a.j8zdzkz9dd5m(5d6 ;p uqc gzjromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective bred , nopp1rhrw9*k9 eq.eding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy r kmy 9c, hr2(7i go; e2s3qbipeivx-:+hs*as gesults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given s2a 36k)fbv yukpeciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species io1f s (d j5dp3du3cccft5y/0of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close pd/ujf ddp c0 (35tsc31y of5icroximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral speciquac36p;5hvsgk: yb.de e/h -es evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 m3ud./p :5;hbcq-yvaghsk6 ee echanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.