The diagram shows the haploid number of chr4.pi r zfoup-2omosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chropfpu-4. or zi2mosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a wh) 5tu wsrwamt5wm df6(z :7*vsale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the v* z)wd7u6fts m:tw5 w5(ram soverall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence su 9drl+ -siy f;f kwbjt: coew/,*y1qv4pporting the hypothesis that two populations are two different +ywi1rt*w:o,cl vs d;9k/eq4 - ffybjspecies?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signalse.; .hvekp gq, to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced byge,; khqp e..v their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the samatby :sz ev-.(z-v/roe location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between is-89u 8lks 2 wf 6mejkcaj;qch:olating mechanisms in s-82 chufjc;k8 aw 6 :slemq9jkympatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers ty:jmjlmo 6eoe8k acc*93p1m w7ga y5- o hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between hom d bk:7;i4;ckwqmjq a,8qk kq6ologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciationtfl34f/ vixp ;l6a o/8-wj qj1bc0oht. Which word is matched to the3/1;iqw 48jfthtaj6xcv 0-oplbof l/ correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairsw2oj8dgc/ ug ; of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of spe9*kf7b mt jvr)ciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an (*a4uguf; my2 ,m roi eza2y2*rzdd)s einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops spe (d,;4 yr*grmz io*mu2yed2f) auz sa2ltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided 0qixkdy-y).5 /g d utza population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographig-u qd.z5ky itd)yx/ 0c isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolutie,pl .l .lgt74b -takcon through selective breedingt lk. 4,tpacb7el-. gl?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between twp78q ex2w .gqao species was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the w7.peq2x8 gaqsame. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and qeq889ulvx99x fdat: a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct des8q98xt edl9f: qvaux9criptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal con5j85bj)mpg pf traception pollution on the mating calls of the adulbp5pfmjg85) jt male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiay5d*ug/wun 9l tion?

  Which statement best i ;p:.halk w*v4u **awux)r pjgllustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. Ifkap 68u ,x4f*-4: f gdoacqvpv both of the parenav ug4q -*x68: kf,4pdvo afpct species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breedxentihnu.:) ;ing.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isolationsm vmu/ehx*y a(un,*3,d2ki a.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation ev yhm v,,hi(jwwcmcf+*e i7 c6;ent?

  The diagram below shows thq8y s;yxu.l k(e feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close p(u x 8ylkq.s;yroximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral s xi;f4xk-is8opecies evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related sik8 s4;ixoxf-pecies living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.