The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete.) s t*t1plr/1ey/pcjz What could be the polyploid number of chromo*crz j1p/te ty)sl1p/somes for this organism?

  The overall structure qm1*(; hbxnwd3vkk+d3 9;e2qe gzwf p of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is simihdp;(vb* d weeqq3f2x9 m3g+;knz1wk lar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting t; :ckqi1vi ;g k wqbxuw*c,*m(he hypothesis that two popula(xw,*k bkqi* ci;1;wqmvu:g ctions are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potak o+e 5jo)-n-j bta0ass:zp )ential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to ligjkas z)pae:+50 t-)asn- jbooht patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living i9iuj;7njlrxm unn/2 p(8 g .yin the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between iw-*- zcq et kjc:zt8za+:9ez;; vs xamsolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatri tc8z a +zm -9kvz:qc*;jxez; t:a-swec speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation + de0n60tmgsybl0. by7 :y6whilmk v; between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous str yr ddkrr5,.*yuctures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciati.iq: h /ipl;idon. Which word is matched to the correct hl;:pd./iqii definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar stru*+/s. cwqamnj:wgj2j ctures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of event*/ cfx50ar e)8 iospdoy0v.ut s usually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn 6v6uxgt7uf s2wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and anotherufu7s2x6 t6 gv grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a po01lme7q7p: om6v:vmahzn *ompulation of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in gem z0pm:oh anv6:o 1e77 *vmmqlographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolutionpr/7fz dt5v2a through selective breedinz/rv p27a5fdtg?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was foun *i; tpzemu87hd to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in tp 8tm*u hi;z7ehe same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has ytlz/,66hymav o w g;4s8g6jh62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of muleo lh;86gy,j4hm / yv6z6agtsws?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conduct1bt vk5 ik0+k. 0d77p9 4ngtzxad aa/fq7d jbhed on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating +tdbx4kj dkifan70 abp7q5dtv akh097zg/ .1 call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?ib qbk4446 6p fn*ifc 1ozvkw.

  Which statement best illusttgj+:5a/w*x sded0gbe( 3u )hndhk7lrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus m3nhym:ho (zh421j sr Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species :on( mz1j34 rhy 2hmshmost likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection rfri9bvd3sweud qv/q:1u 5n7 :5 (izland selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in remmx q 5o3za )h)gh ,d5qo,-e2ft-sgn* 3o eqxzproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation eve6k:twcc:k3c+4 c ufhh nt?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (azbduy/.10w( fo*:u1fd hqzb77 xc m ygenus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these 1fybuzu /dwh*0z.o d( xcqf:mb 77y1a warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into multuvi, xhjk (r9pc x,r(4iple, closely related new species which may live in closi(9kxxrpr h,vj,4u (c e proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.