The diagram shows the haploid numberrskz ,*j ew6r+f dk7)g of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the pewf+sk jk67 )g* ,dzrrolyploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure zsfql)lz7+6/69e jsowt: o kc of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?zk:6qet)col f 9ojls7w6 z +/s

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supportinrtbc 0lq j0h -k-hva;qoh64*cj* y,s5z +blbcg the hypothesis that two populations are two different speciesrqqzc*; vl+b4 j60a*cjh5 ck,hh0blyt-obs - ?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flash zx +b+6ti/dejing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only rex+ 6tizdejb/+ spond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same locatiorm+,pszgo/ s ,n?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanil emq0::ijc*m sms in sympatric and allopatric speciatm*mlc0: qij:eion?

  Which of the following are often barra/mi;z bcs1n 5n0bz+ciers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference betweeng b 7ysv11j3sy homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors thaurrq)x(+d95* 7:c m vnt rth-qgh:qppt can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the *)r :x:5vgq nuqh7 r+qm(dprtt-h9cpcorrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two painla v(x: :xu fxzj*1e(rs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur duringglriml 2 suw87r 8q7f) the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is ako amqf5-u j2e- d5x*vn einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monocdx2*-me5u av fq5kj -ooccum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population ez6x cv 4dt*6yv(q p5sof the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees 46(6v*z p qx 5dcytvse(Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evide*e aiw/l+aamrj v 1q+ii6i n13nce for evolution through selective breeding?nw+ 3a a /iv1l+qir6i 1j*amei
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence betci 5m +czlc(i1iu7mt*ween two species was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amin*i+miz7(5ctlm1 ccu i o acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 6x vk:o550z iuup4wu; q4 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriu:0q54wx i kvuu;o5 pzptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted u8 cheqibclwsb ;d(-/zr a779 on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) abh/;r9c u 7qdb zc -(7siew8lof control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatio/ kebyjlt5h56e 1mx0q n?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of 4c(ojdu uicc 5d)6:gq evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise any uz+faeeiqcf-0 )g .3q9 h /sdt16akfd form a new species. If bothk.1q0ycd39u 6i qzh+)fgef/ t-f aeas of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrabx1fgg nu 4jpb6sy32:2u v/ pkvr4qg3st natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive ilby.tew ,bh7ah zq ,z057r/ opsolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speci9edbs a4c)ng9 ation event?

  The diagram below showb./2uu*q:vsp6 w t d)r rxtc0is the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in icrtw6 v tp:x2s*/ dq u0)b.ursuch close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into mzu17yioh r-klw.- z+ xultiple, closely related new species which may live in -uxrlhzo -1 7iyk+z .wclose proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.