The diagram shows the haploid number of ch3rsl:r3mblc( zvy( fhm/6y f3 romosomes in a gamete. What could be the y3 mcfl(b rhr( /y3vs36fmlz:polyploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in te nt my 8yp+1di48cq-kmrms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of hompm tnqy 4k- d8i18yc+rses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis thaapt, gtxrq1qk 8r u45z:i 0fj8t two populations are two different spk gfti4 zjrrxu,:0 1a8t5q8 qpecies?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) siql+ajh 0lb,t *gnals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females withj0,+bal*l q ll only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organ9h dqg 1z6toc 5;c7gkyisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences betweexrz/r 0 dc kow0u0o(8fy9 6dyln isolating mechanisms in syyro00w6/yxd09rkz o8( fcd ulmpatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following .or3 yv. ae1ya rq5r2bare often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference bet5f ra p9y,/ands s4wl (ohpvhuf8 u3rl3,h).dween homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word is matched to9l ib2swo0;fr the coi b0fsrw;9 2olrrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A ana1x :tlklv4u e23ttb;d B are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usuai(x /aqhh va:6ew,fv 6lly occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum isme*m4 ydboid/9. kbi1 yz6 t(n an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a di/9k b.(bniimto4e*yd1my d6 zploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that tha.cvma.pb nm33wr 20xe congo river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting inw2. am.30vmcna r3bxp geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selectiveq*y vtqk1 sow y-,*j/l breeding? q ly-,q/wk*s*vj y1ot
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while the oz jxcfr xb-hc)k d),29rder of amino acfxbrz, xd)9 -2 ccjhk)ids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 nqjz6d+)lg8u9vrby 5chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions o6 g9ulj+nrd y85qv )zbf mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormones9ws6ln.wc2 al contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oest62s wewscnl.9 rogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiationa9vr .e lc ty5pyju,9us 7o*e1?

  Which statement bestu 9,dqh/w4k p 3;binan illustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) h*5iw3/gw +dgxhg d:id fk3 g/qybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter*/ g+g3dqi3d g g5/: dhwixkfw species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection ch4)d sgm 367c-r//hlr dh ugband selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reprq +e0+s hz3yxr-kn75nwq go 5aoductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a corz59 avnorw-) grect description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas o9kg 8yeg0tw)3 nmrdj 3f four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explgn83tmywe )rj3 dk09ganation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral 3k xp4;8vtft4bx npc( species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outli vn4b3fk(cppx x8;4 ttne 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.