The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosoml g t3y 0, 8wdsmgo.v2ei)vs7ses in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for t3s vvld,t2o e)ymggs0s 8wi7.his organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of amt)l(jiym bw +2ly-,c whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these strucyl,)- yb+cmlj2 iw (tmtures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supportw1,zfgv/t c sn:*0pcs 1be*ct ing the hypothesis that two populations are two different speciez tetg1v:ps *0*cf/csc,w1n bs?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashing its h osi:)htxes;kb5ct5y1 q:lu b41yzcr;k /s0lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light pabhk sy ;i0cqh:) 15rkz:xy/ le4 ;us c1bttos5tterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms lwdgodv;n 07 y6wap8,xiving in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating me3kf 0k kh4+ c ex7l)oz)qoi8kznach15chanisms in symkzic e073fhk l54okqan+z 1 ok)c )xh8patric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation betw54gf np49qn*x w9mhz meen species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differenw,o7g;ov1 vh+u c;zxhce between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in vw 0npv;j9ae/*v6sj2y r tdv8-(lbdd speciation. Which word is matched to the correct -2(ndw tyrddsja /vl;ev 6v0v bj*89 pdefinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar struct2hs xd wo.+qia/f d39pures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur du w 7tltr5xb-+uring the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the firstoy4jm7n 4*d; treqh5:; bvhop:q4qi,ty m4tg domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a tq;4tti tjqhmp;7,:r4m vyqo e 4g*n: y h54dbootal of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the con vl 46e//1igwwwzpnw.go river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctwvg6w /pzi4le1 w./w nly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides epe)x*lgf d 9mu,:ygw1 7i2zxbvex x+)vidence for evolution through selective breedingg2vwf 9xdb+y7le, ) pxu1zxe:g )i*xm?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78-q9oct j,d3qyigzz6/ u(l t7n % the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. Wh7t/z(uqdgy 6qlio j,c3-t9 nzat may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chrom7 ekt59 zc(uqkosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which a k(zcet9uk 57qre correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effech sfy r8 +7lj,( ocyj/p)aotu8t of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spec+jy7p/asjl t( crfo8o,huy)8trogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiato dfc;; 9h3/hy5wy wiyion?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evoro./l / qoi scwv6x)t9lution?

  Two species of smartween5xab 6 6hjbr rfw44e.d (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likel6breh af.brnjx564 4wy to have?

1.Compare and contraz9).k2f 7bstlkc-k *ykt fac*st natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isolationh.ghruj e:n0tdic -4oj:p 7k*.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correo 65rq,(alwb vct description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four speciesbeuqjoha; 0 +9 of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximito;eba0jh+u9 qy?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single akk/ 3po) rr(n4jo7wwwncestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which4)w rj/pn7k(r koo 3ww closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.