The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What kf2kb. jx9tft .(wbw 5could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this wbtj bt.wfkf k95(x2.organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and fop,9zs(qgt3wi 8f d *muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What ar3(z9*q df tf,g8poiws e these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongese ;:ja0g:g 8ofas;,gg m2noy et evidence supporting the hypothesis that two popule0:ggjeo:m;gn a , afoy 2sg8;ations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female maspo bql, z33;je5.lydp * m2xptes by flashing its lights in specifi3*ll2pxb5po3p;jmd z sqe. ,y c patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among o, -;,t 74tu,swpoltdh2) m3mq wiznf brganisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similaritiw:zt; 5p7xmxma 3u ct;y9-jntes and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatri ctm:w9x z7-u3a ;t 5xymjpnt;c speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between specie z;*z(c q75y a59r rfi7jzdtqes?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference betwed/hb+ nalexg/c :.oz)en homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word is matched to df79o*k t;g ykf3b b/tthe correct definkf9/b;bkf 7godt3*yt ition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B ar0dst x.p28yhxt h*thk8 1c*d xe two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of speciaqx i3c,*zp 0w2ylb u*r *bbj7ation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first d wo 7bedj1pa(g6jm b8*omesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the m*(wbjbgd op16ae j8 7correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestor h,bm. qmmq0 0aof bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairsq0 mqba,m.0mh theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides tt6bi ma; jog bpyd(*;,wx)1q evidence for evolution through selective breeding? bgit q1xd*amby(w)ot ;j6, p;
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78%bua.mbv -i q 9pe5a u76coh6(s the same, while the order of amino acids found in hv6b9(6.-ua5s pa cqmue i7obthe same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromos2c 5;fmmozf ,momes reproduce, a mule offspring is proof 52;mm ,zcmfduced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the ehh2;4bg vdb9l d bt1e1ffect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of thvl92dtb4b1g d1b ;hhee adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radia7/ 9 5xn m(1: dsbffjrxxr8fvption?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolu0 sx+x 70wrt mxchg7.stion?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a ne2-au41 (3wop mdoglbws 5y+lj s.km;pw species. If both of the parent species have two copieoa3o. l2-upk jm+bgws 1pw sy;mld54(s of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast naturali*/9m2ss ox/ mec h)bd selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductiveublk1;m *61 whaor*;luzdb3h isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a co)av448da fmh0k,th;qesg m v*rrect description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feedinw,lc7 jd* ncw9yf(2 kzg areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such cloc,l fz27j9wkwc *yd( nse proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation *sei : flwntwz/) u;6sresults in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new spec)ntuz :is6f w;ws/ *leies which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.