The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gameu )uy(d(k-drn te. What could be the polyploid number of chrom ()kud-ndryu(osomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin o4a:yd gw6zo i:f a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb ofwy4:z 6iaog: d horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hyp6cd) jkfjsm j f6;,p,/dmlg l7othesis that two populations are two differegd;d 7,pl)6m/,k jfcs fj jml6nt species?

The male firefly (P. k8/ +12zub 2 kpjrd bzmk8:fphpyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific pzkm+pk8fj:z2k r12 pbb 8hud/atterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation amonf 6 /jh0q 8.hfehsh4qlv2w*i sg organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolat.hs1 3)cj8t ujj o(ryring mechanisms in sympatric and allopr jtu)oj1c3j r.8yhs( atric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between species?-bz wdqo -t)f ,c:c(mz
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differencem nfh0)0qt /c*u an8e cgqi./p between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. qk)b8l gg3 * q,tvlx9tWhich word is matched to the correct definitiotvgqgl ,lk8*9x)tq3bn?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar str37he+9;ba)wpj rs:g cvw8b9y w bt0unuctures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of speciatiok8(a;)f 7hf7al vwyvv n?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first pfsta; p -kb-(pe;0wr domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum m sbtrk f(e-ap; 0;wp-ponococcum?

  It is thought that the( f9z; x:cwuub congo river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures an:;cuf w 9(xzubd consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selectivf. ;yn(ud3xsqe breeding?nx qy3( udfs;.
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be t/so )miu(8jz 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two speciet/8z m usji()os was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which hasvsl0vjdh o .;z-ul3 ijhid6d0ckc c;w:;h1o2 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring ckiuli 3j 0-c ;;1j ; h.svhzdv0l6owd o2c:hdis produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal co jqg ugi7xj./63vhws7 ntraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male Aqwx.s6g hgi jv73u/j7frican clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiati d kt6pxyn52-zon?

  Which statement best id1mf k2 1quf.rllustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise+ ;q1:kfc gdfx6.qe sc*aplz sum6;/z and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daugh:fgumqzf lz ;s*q;p/ 6kxdc6+e1csa .ter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural 7.t38 lbki2i/d c z-aqddmjb1selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in rewx c br)6j24vrproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given za; j)zod )mgjg,+qv: q.7c7efk uf5a speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler k;d;upp/g2d+pqr* +l b/ fbzv(genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in s/lb*pb ;;d+f/2gzr kv+qppduuch close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into multd 5soexn1,8)cip ,0i gej-/bpauzaa c (dso90iple, closely related new species who 8xap z( gcj/ e-51no) ape,aiu,csdd9s 0b0iich may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.