The diagram shows the haploid number ofyo-p-: ttml c*,fw 5u1t ,kjpg7k :qjd chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for *tyqc,j:kft-ju go p7-:kl,1 wmdt p 5this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of 12x4dqwx l7e ,cb k4ata whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall struxt 14e7 4d,kwacq2x lbcture of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypohme5 ro 0v.kxy7e.c 7jthesis that two populations are twoermjekvo5. xc7 7.0yh different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by +ybl+1wbmnk4u 4t f:kflashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species. k+b 44ly mn fwb+:uk1t

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living i)v;s) 9xnme-o knkgr5 n the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and diep9hfdmvw)qj02zp*1 3f0 a 3h ke u)fmmf(t-xfferences between isolating mechanisms in 0) mmzf-ktuqp23 e(da * efjhvx9h)mp 013fw fsympatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often (zboel/ae)k. barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous andgtzs) 8rxrz);jku4wy:+11 (9 klw lixh mr-r v analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word is mag4jn hn8 aar 1nv0yi:1tched to the correct definition?i11g:j8n av hy0a n4nr

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structures.8+nueqn ps-: u

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the proces0 s w;+hw 0+ovs+g0.w7sfkmmz f9 dxyts of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the firtk du7. ua(alzqxn- 19st domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid numbeuzlaat1d x9un( -7q.kr of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestor mc99;r8s,nsn 8 fc8ithwshy9of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation.r8 s9,ft; 8hsw csic9nh9y8nm Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidz fjh5kx/t7+b ence for evolution through selective breeding7t /xk5bf+z jh?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% tb07 hdf clqril)*h7a4he same, while the order of amino aciahi4hfrdllc 7* 0)7q bds found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomesz;.u z;kjmpkm,4h e0l, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is prhjpzmk, u 4;e 0.;lzmkoduced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraceptio ql h-zj((+sonn pollution on the mating calls of the adult male Afric q-(jhl(osnz+ an clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radi+ l.y-5frjd- 6g9 ,wcsqfqswpation?

  Which statement best illustrates3r ls1lv1b8qd the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a newa+ o4e6a+lc(j20 s q nfngig2l species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter specgncllg n +0o246a(q2jf sa i+eies most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective bres,ac/t hra7 gbf*q8 9zeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive ;rjo +r0huq /fk*topu,qo .n 2isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given spb n1hz:qy+yxguezx 1 n 1pk3t839utt;eciation event?

  The diagram below shows ,d3 ,y tsac)gothe feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is c d,go)ys 3t,athe best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving ineio8jq6 5u9tuto multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living6 8 t5uuieoj9q in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.