The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gametem:3pcvbe 8z w80fxgtrby+z+ avl ;;9u. What could be the polyploid nume8 zv u vwfgrb;:08;y xz9lamp3 +bct+ber of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of th1 kl6l lq21kpw ppco2rz 060pbe fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these struqkl6b zl62lcr 10ppw1kp2po0ctures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypotwd7 2l9-xjhro hesis that two populations are tww dj9o-xl72h ro different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flas7djn4xsk j42ihing its lights in specific patterns. Femal4 jx4si k2jdn7es will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the ,/ gr)5ojcus jsame location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanisms isn 91xe62oo9 jm.lnwr j9g 8qon sympatric o8 n1 2qwgmln96o or99.xsje jand allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between s/c-: bx4fqhto4 sdky+ pecies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous ex7p7n3zu7 h qe e-yr,structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word is mpotlrz( ;9 k)to95 wrpatched to the correct definition?oozwpkt;t9 ( r59)prl

  Shown in diagrams A and B are twq1)bk-yu4 y eqmesci8j /)be :o pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process y tyms8nre5/bv p,2 aupk0 o;;of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the firs7 4 umljq:cxd0t domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to du0mq4 clx:j7Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population o7g;xwj 7b 7.coudjx2 q nz+4gkf the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzeu4 q.g zgj 72+ xjbc77nodwxk;es (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidencepr7+yionz huq5 5u -c( xid7r1 for evolution through selective breedinri -xzu 17c5 q +7oiyrpd5nuh(g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found orcncl -u-b).to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82%col n-br.)-c u the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, wr9ht dl8peuky* cl p(;,xez/r -z,mk8hich has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule;rz (uy8 ,thllzc9mxd,rp-epe k 8*/k offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollut ;ev16t tv3zkfion on the mating calls of the adult male Afri1t vtfk z36ve;can clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatio7ay6,a njbs+b-gb)zqb h *s5t n?

  Which statement best illustrates the prolu9.lcb(hs9* xppkh/:cmg0mc rc b4lqp.2 5b cess of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) htspblg.8*ja6 ,qn* yo ybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to *g *l,n6bqayj.stp8ohave?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breedp.l sfe. 6 5bbrfdr96ding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive ilz2s gf) + n+6looo8o+m5g etysolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation event?l4:k ) )y:eh 4pjphnbo

  The diagram below shows/6(() plosfkg-i wnn j the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity? p(oisw)kn l(g-/j nf6

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolvingwsi 1z 0*7vlkcgk9s) d into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximi0lgkck)9 * 7iszws d1vty to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.