The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. Whk +:cxog7,9o sy3tgp/ 4ero hsat could be the polyploid numbe9h 4o 3oe+csxr /gkgt,7ps :oyr of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms oa:dd/z0xg4mcx8 ou,+bq2zmc3x qkv of0u0 r2f bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred b/ xadg c,quo:z8mq022z30ruvcxf4m k0d o +x to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidenaaxd,c9zy hr,ts-u. 6 tk1sd0ce supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two differen0ud d6as.sz ych,tx,t 9-1krat species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to pot;c/ k81try/8ge ofzu wential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Ffk;gy/ zroc18ewt / u8emales will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speddexs-r*8ms3 n e2x; bciation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and dy 4:-0h zwbgcl yl*a+z: ve:viifferences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric spec ge+z:ba:y lhvvzc0*4il-y:w iation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between szkbrjz u-t7*gw-92fqoayz: ;pecies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between ym q2r,m xu/wf) gth-hou;-;p homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciat e2ioy;(uo((n-pvp c) bm0sfjion. Which word is matched to the correct dofn - jv(pim)e 0uoc2by((p s;efinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similauogo 2 rghu0)b yc)sy6aw*-/ ar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually sgynkf8+zk;* hlf*s8 occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticateyjdp.w:wx*k se0rr0q/ jnr: v-3(grdd crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticumdw v:n3r0p w eq.j0r/rsxy(dj-*:rgk monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the 9b1qr (+ifflh ubhl)(congo river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geob(fqu+)f1 l lbrih(h9 graphic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence f) sid7arbe3 j 6)2/+pplqlq aror evolution through selective breeding? 2lp36i qqd7a s rar)+b j/p)le
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the wuc -h0 ns9o8g 85pfgesame, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species wau8cg5os g 089hf pnew-s 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, whr 8ok gqr* p8zih3 6ahh,spj2;ich has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced;3o 6aphihp 2,8q srjkg*h z8r. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal cat9abdkck06gu s -h4ns2wx2 )ontraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those expkaubna-sh wxk)tg 294602csdosed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?y //jtv 8lf8gd+ln+xlavr r95

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolutionm; . ensdq7rp4?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new bgt/nv7 n49jvspecies. If both of7vgv n/49nj tb the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrastng9gu7 1/ndo9 krzf b+xnc(m/ natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy resulxvu1zr/ * his-ngez) znlk3wu a(/+kgv / (uj*ts in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descriptim kdlrr(9u p 0o+o0p/eon of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shb/w;u )ec1aio2mb p .kows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best exbbe)12wi.mpk ; /aucoplanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolvings)hvy)kr ozcx6t (q26 into multiple, clos)hrko s2vc )x qyt(6z6ely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.