The diagram shows the haplo::rhdhjhg3 *qy2gp6vo kb* +wid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomesghqr +2y* 63h:wp g:k* bdvjho for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and musk1,+t,v8lz yr o ;lscscles, is similar to the overall structure r y1tklv;lz+,s,sc8 o of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence y av)flmlk0yuo 2 61zzv; 20cae9iwh;.)pxch supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two different 2u6hy kwzvfc cm0el lya9 z)ha .xo2;1i;v0p)species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signaw.xj/ i12bn)pb-zqkb ls to potential female mates by flashing its lights in nbq.p wxjzk-bi)/ b2 1specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in tht/uh spf 9*e8,, cq:t aumh+ -iviq5*judyes3 e same location?

  Which describes the similarit-q8s5x )4qb/b f t:ukcd*cwrzies and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatr)zwu4c* x cd8qb:rt /ks5bfq-ic speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between specihu ol-:mmc mw0u,a p3-es?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference b 2mi55e m4gwczetween homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word is ma+lc)(9 tnp3ocjy w) patched to the cor caj)( p+opl93wt)y cnrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairf x549or ocl7e1)wkqws of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of speciati 0 -()voxe/xjvne qw.non?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated cx6az+ 5kuw: :2 6xjd ihyptpotcks*-6rop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybrid dikkyjha*::x2 tzs -+p6 6uwxcp5ot 6ization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a popul idn - cl0 gbj+y9vtmhl9jw2),ation of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) an)0,vji m9+2-tg cn bjyhdwl9ld chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence fo)omnu3*f ,rji s5x*qtr evolution through selective breedingsx)qm*3uin* o rtf5,j ?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to7)ya;n5 udkpooru n+.+t, y sd be 78% the same, while the order of amino a r5uudo,tdn7npy ko)say+; .+ cids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, ag;xhas/o + ;fand a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct dsaa +x/f; ho;gescriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraceptiox6q6v y4/eru6he xk6sn pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevisq rs/6 v46kxu6xehy6e). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatio3k2t8y ehtsw1 t9n0rsn?

  Which statement best illustratess/fh 9 a1/xsdod/c6z 5su9b w:fk bm*u the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartw8 d lr8 4 6t-g)mlkhmhvds7t5xeed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species 5dh8k mxl-8)vl6dgtr m4h s t7have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breedr:2al m( e8 hmmt(p6ziing.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive issz8paap t9-7 molation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct de7x qr9v4:u0uq bkesykl)4ja1 scription of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genuslg ef(ar/06rdq wpblvt9 3u wei:9*+ o Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came tqr936+frd9 iu(aw0 lg :bvpo*eel/wto coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single kv66 k/ lo)6ddl y0(tr7xio3zc2xopu ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by whi tx6x lduo2/)3kyvp 6lr6c(0kd7 ooizch closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.