The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in,2s rqr9u;m1dks+ eug a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for thissmg1er 9rs 2;+,uudq k organism?

  The overall structure of the fin ofqclb+g5t xba08er 31 r a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of t5r ltqx83arb1g+ceb0he limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is pckl tg-7(*m2h+ e ogathe strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two (7g2poe atc k-mgl+h *populations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potentiao 6q c jxx:34fvtxqrepl26p2-l female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own specieso2 q3pv fepq6l2tj 4c-:xx xr6.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among y , c)rqy ayt0.i+yng8organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and sugkt9z u3 1zuy ,xe9:0lj ziyd/+x3 ydifferences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric sdlux3g i1yu3 yzkejyt ux0/:+,9zs 9zpeciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybriwvc,rjwt8) ,-d +t-4uw ca gc6njn9 grdisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between h9 /ucopaxp,+.mqkjwv/2m *mz omologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which y tpapk 5o 13 g9z107d9 w0helz+zljckword is matched to the correct definiti 0cj pkh3lo zzy ew9ga9+ pl1k501dt7zon?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pavqrl**p w,c if6 s,hlt18jbqgs;7)t girs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the pye+,ogj ym,gkh8 p,3drocess of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is cf8g s;0ss (iix2/lch38dgfx an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a (lsfx /i8fx h3gi0dgsc2; 8csresult of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river *jy bz ug4c.d8divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populatic u8*. 4ybzjgdons?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through seohw5klqh )bfil ;03t )k8iy k,lective breedinblhwqli0fi5kky o; k3,) ht)8 g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two tx2 jl6j(j ic,(o2x )7qkasmispecies was found to be 78% the same, while the order of aminoxq(lij)jc ,6 o x2t2s 7imaj(k acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomu/s60hinah/g1*(j xken9dfz es, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is producjn hi9ed06/a/skgzu hfn x1( *ed. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effec6ncrts- 3xhge9t olwv *d* 9)ibf8fq:t of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male A *dxg6:*hn)t - wt9oefv 83rfqilsb9cfrican clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatioc p7f 84, bkuwu,kj;dln?

  Which statement best illustrates the prnslw) /+ g:-ome8mxlhocess of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a n. ,seefg:m0 nnew species. If both of the parent specie.efgm:, 0snen s have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and seli,o xp.mr3 eh;ooa+i:di,y9 fective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isowht j gcu)za+f)+c9, jlation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description 5* o4g zicppo n19y,o2sryf5v of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of foy5- 6w huwai4 bx+gx-rur species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist +4-6a rxb5g-uwh yix win such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral spe*( hy0f- papt9 t6vd-qbmmgz 5cgsh .8cies evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related spe6.t* sg pbq-9hmv y g0 hdzp-m(58factcies living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.