The diagram shows the haploid numbefvy0 pl9k o+hed-zw;4r of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of +w9ypf 0d4h- o;lekvz chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bof4lli*d ui, pxrf.)z-s n sx/)qj-)y tnes and muscles, is similar tl)rn ,x-f-4s*i)upizx/dl ftj syq) .o the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongeh l,;ip5wzo: kul x/n/st evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populatiowlu ioh/ :5pl ,nkzx/;ns are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by fla c4,apfdqg,ljeg v)u )j.,)nlshing its lights in specific patterns. F4e ap)lnf, cl ,)uj.,jggdq)vemales will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among .v3:grp gs(nx/fl8waorganisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the simi g)x959tz)nqbvku3a b(sh d9b larities and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allux v9dg5s( zbqhb9)b )tk9n a3opatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridzm oyf9:pg cc8,p2/ vqisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structuth bz ac;62kboe ;6;ebres?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciaqp h)gf 95 idbgk6--l .(xv8seyfvy6c tion. Which word is matched to the correct definition?6q sgy5.gc- v-6de by(9kx)vh 8fipfl

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar stmt7a*5w:b ux3wp o7p,y6j2 8jw l.)vloplyb dructures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the proces) 6tt:h6q hg8yg 8g//zvfbes zs of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and wasov y 79v6anz,p98trk c the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Tr,n y78zv 9a6ort k9cpviticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divide6svnsbog0/fur k 4,kx md(m*. d a population of the common ancestor ogms, / .6s 0f(u4obmdxk* nrkvf bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following a: 0ug(0yehlk provides evidence for evolution through selective breeding?gek lu 0:(0yha
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was fit s/ (qsx-ys/ound to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types betweens(q xst/is/ y- two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromoso4p -arkguqy4*x9 .wcw ge8 k3imes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which 4gkpix3-. ka4wgrqyuc 98ew* are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on thb 2or: w5/do/q6hhwa he effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawe5hw6ow/r :h /d bqho2ad frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive rad4c 5g c6ywsvhaam+21 , 4szwdgiation?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolua7 fbbldq 4 b,*hew8fg 0 i-lua7z-q-htion?

  Two species of smartweed (genus yi,l/z zk i);8xhd.4km1jmwfPersicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chrhj 8/y zdik,x) 4w;kz f1.immlomosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selecthw/ zy29ub4t7 vsmbxy.x.y7 g4e)dfjive breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results i d9s529vmfmr; pph1smn reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a giveue:n9l*4rc ha9ic0 x.y kyq5kn speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of fyus1 t g;am2h( nlhe2)our species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best ex(mhe)sg2t a2nl ;h uy1planation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results ic(- b+of8 )f;.r+ qnlmv4jy 6gel vgmhn a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closelyvbj ff+ . meo-v6+(r8 )n;qcgg m4llhy related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.