The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomesysk1b39fk( 2d;u pdpt in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number opk 9u 2 sd(k3fytb1d;pf chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, izye vo:g3 6r0vy56d obs similar to the overall structure of the limb of h563dgevov:oz 0byy6 rorses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest e- 0 /pw2snrv dicx/.nividence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two differewris/nv2/nix-. pc 0dnt species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals c1kx bv9cmh5 .to potential female mates by flashing its lights in m .5 hc9kb1vcxspecific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms livi4+kz ir s5zces-fp4q06u o6j6w,simeng in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating k :.rhq n 7s;,wiqch0umechanisms in ch;: iuqh7rs0k qwn.,sympatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are oftenv4py9i xbvzmm/ :h8+ p barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homolog-8jursm7y8;jkzgch /e2 7qrzj d :s5pous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciatipsu7vr y/fws8 hr5xb7iz ,1 3fon. Which word is matched to the correct definitis ru hsrz8b xwy5fi,1vf37p 7/on?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similart 1/8b +aeigcr structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process l id chgewhzz49a5 ;,l77kjs1 of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the ffj 4f8bfx7aq k6rjwtq7- kdh+v/)2ehirst domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum m et)j7wx h/qb- q+jf6h8f24r dvkkf 7aonococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divideu+ ry37p ega shr-n-q4d a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. W 4 p+rqesnh-a3yu-7r ghich correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evy6sww w)4fz7jq/stx wm3 cs9:idence for evolution through selective breeding?/:x s 37wsf9s) wztywcmw64j q
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species wja5 yl fr)6i5zjn53qkas found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two speciej fnj5izl3r5) 5 qa6yks was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, ; ao *s9a3d:kmbzv4bywhich has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which z*4:ao 3svm9;kd ybabare correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution c2hs7iy9, 9gb.wp)en0 ia8tc ks8eudon the ma.hga9 y)s0c t8i8 ,uensb9i w27 kecdpting calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radixs8d t6e*r bq4ation?

  Which statement best illustrate) *a9hhuq ca42o1 +65m (glhee iakaios the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a ;arkb kgu-moy/6l4a4 new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a 4rko/m yu6gl b4;aak- daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breedis7- z/ycbb pa*ng.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductivtnk 2rvsk7 /d8o8xxp)e isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descriptinz:gpm-r6zj *on of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setci1ma u 89vbt;l1l r;cophag91;lburi8 cc 1lta;mva). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a s m s5 5. dovzvo.qs*rv8afy60tingle ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolate qzso0s *.o55r.vdv6vyft a8md.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.