The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in arh8 i::k q c6rtpouuq 4 k;po5kkm9q2, gamete. What could be the poly5o 4ppkqo: , mctik k qqu2u96kh:r;r8ploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fii/4 cab)l)s. o*cox qxlz9mohbq*y *9n of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb ofxlh)4so y *o * i9).bzqlmx obcc*/qa9 horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hy tk1h j j4)lr;gcjwvvo q(u/w(9l h)/lpothesis that two populations are two different spec( j;)1l9g c ltkwjwh)o(4 rv/l/qjuhvies?

The male firefly (P. pyralis)x+-srn+r- a u;z5h dux signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns producr-5uhsx a+xr-d+uz n;ed by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among orgyo 9 bm;s1xmzb2q3e/c anisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanisms inv68g zag8 1x,tvnp,qe sy18age8z txvg, 6qpv n,mpatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisata).t-fifs 6 k :u5eqjzs;(ttlion between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differenzqx mf.t rz2f8 q.ry96ce between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can reptl0so6*wg 7; d:sxuvsult in speciation. Which word is matched to the wgu6dlv7 :xst*o; sp0 correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two paia4 i ca zb ik;f-+ba)mdf up(afi.6-;mrs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the procep c o(tra*q3hska0gh,y( b v41ss of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat 1 tvf v- 4xwdqt3s*nq(and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triti-4vvq1ft(sq xwdn* t3cum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populat sa.xo.yln9q -or+r)tion of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Paoray l+rn)9qx.s- o. tn troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidenccsru *h;gkrdzj* /l7/ mxx0d .e for evolution through selective breeding uxk0mxd;hrzd.r/cl*jg/s* 7?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found thd .vlbgfu11sh ne-5 3o be 78% the same, while the order of amino v bn1.-ul ghh5es1fd3 acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomesb+ek9r: a;8rcvyus h) :cc7hj2u yy1c, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce,bkc9jc; u7 )rcyyhh2vsuacy :+:e 18r a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution ox31ifs vm0/run the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frofr30/uix 1mvsg (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiat4erhx )0c gz1gqe):qyion?

  Which statement best illustrates u.k5 5(ydlmo8cat9owqs be, o,.a-nqthe process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persic4ts )q z(d8+ jssje vfb-.d0sq,llz4maria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the d4 4qe)dz.jsl+s l0v(-s sqbm jftz,8 parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selectio)k e8 0o3nnvytn and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy res+h07j2 zvw.go)swwa 2.ef ubnults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a corrdmocrt7/320lqe e fcuo 73nq -km k;9rect description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species 8-)zqex1f mjt-vi +ktof warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explakf vmttj-ixe+ -qz1)8nation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation result7+mo(o/6 t5g+gz +i nmz;h ip4jvolg ks in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to6+(mkzig5+ tzm vogg+ 4hl7po;/ oin j each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.