The diagram shows the haploid number o+vp1 beg)h w2hf chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for)bg 2+vwpheh1 this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, iszs*j0f51mqv uq 8ooiu xfl:/.q, cd*y simi:,8uyo mquqfc/q zv*5o1 ix. dljs0f*lar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hrg c /*f*zovkr(r4 (lnypothesis that two populations are two diffenc4 *lzrv( *(ofgkrr/ rent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis:ey ly)n1q j7v) signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light envq)1 7yjly: patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms liv 83dzko:l a (npc v;u;wmlfk,4(xnp u,ing in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities;v b)7/p8k(nn ; e:jmdlulpqw and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric spec; vkup7w/8) ml(eb:; qnjpdlniation?

  Which of the followi kf.qbwq( 4-xde(4 hkhng are often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between hop709j(eyari58n l*, umy hpvzmologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which wordh*nj* zubmj p8kv*dxo4*s+ :a is matched to the corrm8ja*b 4dksv*:p joun*x +z* hect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs o46t6l dt r+ctakxzx, 7f similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occfqri / r5bi c)qo/6j82bxjfv*u. / gwtur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and wasy w4tlca/ge3 2e.t+qp the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid numw t yl+t/e4ac3qg.2 epber of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populal7xjf er/r; (s4 wn4aahmb3 9ption of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection presfa3 lnp w7amx4j;s/r h9(4be rsures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provr.o,nks/+rhqm0*: o n7 zdued ides evidence for evolution through selective breeding? 7*q u.mek+zrsno/,n dr0:hod
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species waqe87prx5x 8ja 8 20d2;bgvgfxyens acp 9s+:ds found to be 78% the same, while the orfvac8gxb 97 :0;n sdpgprej 28d 5xqeyx+s 8a2der of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donke5uryqv//9c9 gi hca ;xy, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a muleqg ;c uvh9yx/ rc59/ia offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conductedmp2k /u6 j ls/0kyu/ +ucf/ctt on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clickcsp 0j/ 2 ///+kkym6cuttuluf s (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiz1(omm7p d8myeic3/ a xg.ce)l 8 -*ztmiau) oation?

  Which statement best illustrates thes5+ s .l+mtcosuz-+m i gt.w8r process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a neq;lajp 2gy:he n*h;*ew species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of 2jn;* lgae*he; :hy qpeach chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast oqs3p+hi 1xp0 natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy resultsah/nl:fw) k o- in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation :(e5t 3ewn.tevpa, s2z,02ohx h4 da ptm.cxl event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of 71ey ha9t9qn w:(6 hisncvm +ha7zf(ofour species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What i:nq 7fnw ( (cvma99shiaey t7o 6hh1+zs the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving intp c2s5 *ut6xsibe;coz530tpwo multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related ssitpt 06be525cxc;pusz*w o3 pecies living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.