The diagram shows the haploid number of c8sp-) ic2;ptdi1e hoy;szi5 chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number 581i2ypp z i)odc-hecit; ;ssof chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, i6+h p0 8s fgvxolqz.8fn terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. Whatqp868+fx vs 0hzf.gl o are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest fo8w+nu3fkbu 5:yi) v/,hyfz)g xe t2 evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two different speciesnifufx ko) e+5b:yfu3ty8vw,) /zg h2?

The male firefly (P. pyralis)8 w0oebm; y+-xwk0xag signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will onlyy;08xa 0x kw+ob-wem g respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in specic 4/sia5k-v yxation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanism;+7qfxsbfda b5sn; bjh*3 i8es in sympatric and allopatric speciation?8xe;a;fs*n7qi dbfjbsb53 +h

  Which of the followinsdh6al oo7uq(n(yw 88g are often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous anfb -aa ;vaip.8c; 1*dttco6 :bltc)ged analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which wormlhzx-a1-p ia/e0(j d d is matched to the correct di1a-dxp-/(ea hmlz j0efinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs9xpi)3dbcpv;zrp g :7, xhe ajl;:u1f of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur 5z4 w-)nzf t+pwrk( vcduring the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheath7el, zko x s,u/t9*qv and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid numuqklvxzos/9 ,e7h,* t ber of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo rivdu; k1,804b hw ee6qhnxrnk3ker divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpek,qdk k e01 hxb h4683nw;nuranzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidencea-r1dzt2v-1or,btht ht1 1tcq y6d-e for evolution through selective breeding?ertbohra6ttvzy- 21 1 , qcd 11-dtt-h
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence betweenp ztppd s vqp:n;oj8nrrr4 -5)io.9l 6 two species was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species wasqdl t i5n-or pprppn4)o s;rz:8v.9 6j 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosijprb;h5e :g (omes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct d;(p eg rbh:5jiescriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the rdfqi6 kcc*. 5 kj89 i9e2 nr: gbmgr8z3r:hiieffect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows tjiqif :kzde h 9593gr8gb :8 r62.rinm* kricche frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatisrx3p) trk;m2 on?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolution? jb) npqcc 5yqlj9:n6-l 3c9wr

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If c6kv/.mfu3p,r fjy t7 both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to havk ju y f.,76pft/vrmc3e?

1.Compare and contrast natural s 8x5o6mgc; -v qix /p63ygdk-- pcpjheelection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyplo 0t qxulc 0*;ce /2d6m+ dk(awy0c6ugo/hkvhiidy results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely o/ oncg n*si fpxl2eqk8:( o ,3srp)-ca correct description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of war.uedwg p*v08 poh2 +dbbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such closeho+v.8up* p w2 eb0dgd proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species ez.( lqw2pe aje11ak gv b4i1gpw k gn930qju-(volving into multiple, closely re.apjqa- l1we gjg1i4 p 20vz9g3 1(k(ewbqunklated new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.