The diagram shows the v9z 4u*mi 3pymqq2dy: haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for tumd 4:39 2q zpq*yiymvhis organism?

  The overall structure of the/t.7f ct/wo cnk,3 uv wjy82ze fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses./7wfecc n8vt uzy2wkj/o ,3. t What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that bai.p(x* ;:rbraxy ,j two populabay j.ax ,rx( birp:;*tions are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashing ik(djtnk vlgu)r c8 +,txp 75d5v1a va+ts lights in specific patterns. Fj+xc n v ukv,)rg715aa 8kt+lpvd5(dt emales will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among org400u ibhfhr (x n3sdt3anisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities an)m,/ k4jee duyd differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allop4euk,)ye m/dj atric speciation?

  Which of the following are ofq6h m8ikiz wfh*1qqfzc6 7 (-ften barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous str3zt)c +g v(9ekb8hx 3wnqdd-iuctures?

  The table shows factors that can result ie wmp 9:k h (k41zslbw3de6nv1n speciation. Which word is matched to the correcwk1(6 9zpswhn mkb v3elde:41t definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B axnir- (2zjlg+kk ,cl6a4 fk* ire two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usuallyz w;gv 0 e5 2;jfuv,wivnuvx0m+t:i 2j occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domvukqz4g 0waz,kez 2/ 1esticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in c v1zga,ek kuq0 /z42zwomparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestsxv,96+y 5 /mdajenvior of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoreticalsv,d+y n iv5m jae6/x9 selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence fo1-v)a8xy q;p cbyf3a6gzg *2c7hvku x r evolution through selective breeding? 6vk 2y8 vq1hbx acfgg)3 a*x-cuyz;p7
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two sp8-vyc axo2oo3ecies was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acv2oo3axc- o8y ids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomeschmynq(86 h,m z(zp wu9ft/ :b, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is hz/p whmqt(69m 8u,cb(yf nz:produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contracg-fan(hd6 gy;, +ba6dgr t/bveption pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating cal6gbv6 /ta(+g radb-g h ;,dfnyl) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radni(ys.bh 3pus*eieovx z:ceg8,/1 f 3iation?

  Which statement best i a 0qat8zf .tsbf(;2bullustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hyxiy pk8h,k 4m.bridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosom. my,k4i pk8hxe is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and select:etp1mtx2g2 ,xw acdrny+,: uive breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy rm+fv8( 0cki*dhfjk d0esults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct desuyf hu5jl x: 8msx+u*1cription of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus S3.ky;nl3cy*sd8: ivp j5csci etophaga). What is the best explanationjil;3:sd835*y nk icyc vc .ps for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into multip.) u9qu6vcayzle, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductivel zuuqcya9.v6)y isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.