The diagram shows the haploix:att,o9yc0 +( lfakcpunq8j ( n l-4bd number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chro:-l,c9ct(0flu+k4n xta pjqb o a8n(ymosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bone: / tw1jdcko;ti 1g5vfs and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures refer ocwtg ;d5jtik v1:/f1red to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis tg,rlw v ek y 3/ynl :f+3.z,t1k/qvzrlhat / ng1e ly w: rlltyv,/+q3.zv, k3rfkztwo populations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female s * j9iw;pt/lfmates by flashing its lightpsltw;i*f j 9/s in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciatiolh:qz n t a5jx -ci:2vgitea5h06x,s)n among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolatingj4 y37etsf jl7 mechanisms in sympatric and allop47 tefsjy37lj atric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between speoaqw9m t o.u(a :;izuz)v13rtcies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference betoh8 o:(jtlc 2aween homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Wv8hfbiw.m* 2 d k12jeahich word is matched to the correct di82 h*.wm21kjf abve definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B aw+pce5,+imv g re two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usualll bbt d,9,rp*zy occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheo9juop1c:h2n at and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum p 9o:cu1o2njhand another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ance vi1yn9,tzyj+ po4auo )6hy7cstor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which cc7y ph6ount9) j +vyy4z1i,oa orrectly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution throux z+*d8j iq41rlnph v0gh selective breedinvqz4lxnr1+h8d * i0j pg?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found e1vxrddpvz le915z 9:to be 78% the same, while the ord: 9vd 51rxe vpz9lz1deer of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes,sjzv. wyz,zon 3s(x9d 47wp-t and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct do p (s 7ww4xntvy.3z j9,dsz-zescriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on thetu)ow,li g 92u effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating calw o29ui),gt ull) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiationfz2:v*q / 6:fr5aq zsyfeh ll4?

  Which statement best il+j4 az vy9z2ywlustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and -e fpnvj17 u8vform a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species m1v8evu7f- npjost likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breedingx f i5nfx).a:b.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reprodui57fhe ui6sdu vd lx47o2vw00a o:l9nctive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciatpp swc.o* a8)u wd,e8fion event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Se6j i.zkq1fnx0 tophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers c zix1kf6j qn.0ame to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ance5(qn14po8 sv3hcu uw pxnd :4ustral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which:n43 usu4p8xhou( 5qvnd c1wp may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.