The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be tx x;sq/,a+ 4v3e onyin;a8ylo1uvnc )he polyploida nsyu q;/8e+;oaync,41n v l)ix 3oxv number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and m0 qg0r k4uawfmkp h;15oc +c8kuscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structure+mkfk4 ow0acr80gkucq hp;51s referred to as?

  Which of the following i(q ov2j y.;prd3y1sue s the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are ;e1qds3vjup. 2y ryo(two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to poteuu1j-xq 8, h: -ivi vi tte-0mz6yu0oylqi(1 ential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patt t8-iqi1t0lh0yx -- 61 ,(u euq vjiy:eizumoverns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in spanzr(a tg(ce376pag+eciation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolntu/m7yv.j;n*z);dhl ;j czw ating mechanisms in sympatric and allopan7 tm/ cz;l;.*zw;ujn hydj v)tric speciation?

  Which of the following are often baytiqm w:cd.f( cz 43-jm0d wk5rriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homol56u c kzacgmma5:*7eh ogous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that zsdb6hk2/nzjwe9(po)wem d yt i 9/ :1can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct definzie /ej 1wbs6dm)p n 2:9hdwotzk/(y9ition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar stru7ib +t* vw belw1(3mrgctures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of evence 243,zhn hcv k9s*ymts usually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated cp trhet: yp9hkn,r 89x1y ()v5kfz/lnrop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grrrt 9nvk5h:pt(pnyk,/8h1e)9zx ly fass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common30csj8uv 6uhs ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selech v03ssc86uujtion pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following p9g epb rwylrn4 (-16tm4lmv)y )uc ak,rovides evidence for evolution through selective breedin yr4gt)ln1,aul(rbp m4mk c6 )e-9yvwg?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same4 mifk :sdvn9,fzeq/;z z6q 5o, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. s6z:m;ikd eq,nzzo4 ffv /q59What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which y3h3n3oq(b vnt)- rmvhas 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offs-vhv)r (notmy3nb 33q pring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contrac+9q x4eitj6; zsss-vw(-/ zaap k.ojueption pollution on the mating calls of the adult male Afri.u-zv;/q j9ak a4tsise x(sz- 6oj +wpcan clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radim/(:g g.oz7t,fr kst : 7*xmvvjlkxx1 ation?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evoluti i+ hoh k-i,3sjcnv915bo+m oson?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new sp)f gs(yhv:ug8xvf(s2ecies. If both of the parent species have two copiehsv)2vu8ysf((gg f x :s of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and a f bg12lzwq;gm 6r ;ti.p1g2yselective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy q fv; ;9i)dmsoz2vou e/sw+m+ results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation event84;.n8 ox,u wkxlzd uutmb;k )?

  The diagram below showthh-4x5aq h;fgkqqu. i/s kf +-.r v2bs the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What-k5hiqgk q4 rfs/+;.2xuqht hbf-v. a is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species xj f)uo6,vf. jz*4ktvevolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close po)jftvz 64f,* ukjv. xroximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.