The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What coulkdinu;dt1-w 2 d be the polyploidnd1 wtu 2di;-k number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones* d.nk/ :i voji6dm4ot and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are thesvj :4 mkotiin6 .dd*/oe structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis 5r7l p.kt d3dithat two populr. lk ti5p7d3dations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates yjye3j3+oey6 by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Femaoj3e3y e 6+jyyles will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation amo7wl e bl-e8ms.3d 4bopng organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolie;8x0 q:y z s0qw(ocmating mechanisms in sympatric and allopae8:00 oi;xcqy m(qw sztric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation betwf. mk7cus7sj/ xw uf0)een species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and amd( i4 y:rrbv0nalogous structures?

  The table shows facti2u vt6lo qc8(ors that can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correco8 ivqtc(26 ult definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are t xxt9z 3glj9*awo pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of spa7o vv; tfq5ffc8)d2z9dilt- eciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It d )-y3iuv uo: x,k)q+ .(* ij+vrti9wqtyefglhas a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14gjidy qi- 3)q: .+yfx, *t t(l ewruvv9uk)o+i. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the nca;6dtp; bf 8yb 40jucommon ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and86;jb pnb 0ct;4f uday consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evy6l 5-mc4 wq1;oeoenlolution through selective breedingo;ome e51yl-qw46lcn ?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the samee 1kd m s hdij5+amt01bc-8le/, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. Whatms-1a 0lci emd5/+tj keh1d8b may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromopg7.ou2 jf/+w j yrgoi)3mb 8dsomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offsprii ujdf7m /+o).3 g2go wbjrpy8ng is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been condfy 0 :82kopc,4zl bfpmucted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawedpkl c ofm 0yz4fbp82,: frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiationsbc7 wj78 v-8 gjhwu7, h)eotg?

  Which statement best illustrates 0uk aiy7b,kn b,;h-uw the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Per4wz y.g0pb2g wsicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies ofg0gzw.b 4y2wp each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective brl/vmrunc 9 9eggw64k/eeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidym p/*.pdzbrfx d)i,+t results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description ofw7f7fe5vfa, c a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding area;4u. j h fzhbapdc9p/7s of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close pr/pd zjhu.b7fp4c 9a;h oximity?

1.Adaptive radiation resul+ha 0vzv .m hm3ac40z1)jsl,mw0sqwsts in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 v.zj00 )mvhmw ,+sm wzsaahs3c0q4 1l mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.