The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomeyxj: ,asaaoys .iw-vd 4 m/.t,x9yxc,s in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of c4,9-s:xxy ox.c . /sv,a ,mdjwyayai thromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a 8q 5n0 0ec.t t6 ic4p 2ldmifq)me.oiewhale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of. n mqqm .ctt ei26i)p4e0fl5i0oe8 dc the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest eviqq ,l 9 tk2lpt5x.nw8ydence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two dif9xlt8nq.qkw y2p,5l tferent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates j:7q gnuf26 fd(n;ykvby flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns vuy 6kq: nfj7 ng;2fd(produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in tz 1m+w,l -wzcche same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanism:-xq;*2:tw bih1*lbey xfp+ :jfbiz us in sympatric and allopatric sp ie fx:i:h l:x2p t+y**ujbf b1;zqbw-eciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between specie.drp+ 4pi j.h46vfm(rdjyir(s?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structures?3:r.n-*rl2ulxlm j ;osy8 gzz

  The table shows factors tfud)y f/6f( 8i4mnda mhat can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the cormum86y(f n4) fa/di dfrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structure st nrs1u):6bgi p-r:a+(iqn*o cam/hs.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of:umn4(g/m0 dkhrkr1 n speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first dome;k-q,;rt pa prsticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and anotherapkp;; -rr, tq grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populatio+z;wbo ,, urlan of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two pw u,ao+,l;zrb opulations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective bre9f:h*foel 2x redinf o:2* herlf9xg?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while *ectzl lkf,dp3;3f+n the order of amino acids found in the s t cpndff3;kl3+e,lz*ame cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromom97o5lytt; s m)z;nz olbntshc0e8:6somes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules l nszzl8) 95 oste0bcnmt76tm:o;y;h?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect ofr; jhslru5r4 . :6o*0sxs:szhpj y9bd hormonal contraception pollution on the m rls:hsr9jry.5 b6 pod4ju; * s:xszh0ating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?ilgd/rrk(qzju-p,g5/n) x .: 6 ltvfr

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolution?8mb(mn55c lrb5 5iasm1j)ay6 qzhwj 1

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicarfu d/ hk6x nx2*j60 y;ybdqo+lia) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most lik f*+yd606;j /bnqd2hokx uxy lely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natu;)gp zyec+u 8oral selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy resul 1u,pe8 jol as,vli,s)w6j/xvts in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a2lz.p 9vyzu9i(.z dzk given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setoik5*:mka*p) epa al /ci;l63lmw 5 *aid 8ddgaphaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexis*5ck:6g ;a mla*id)p/ *ai 3ddm lp5w8eakalit in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral spectyi;0f1xsrd7cvs t ;(f sgi7-s8pk h9dzo6+v ies evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live inssgx- r + t97d1it(c0vsh8iof sp;6vfk; y7dz close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.