The diagram shows the haploidev /9)pqvh)yz number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this orga vhvpz9)/e)q ynism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and musiy sekig f;t q0m4xn08+o:gb3cles, is similar to the 0n mt fsyei:; gb40q+i g3ox8koverall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesm+nj5 gbhcp2n, q t27nis that two populations a2j5gn h+q pbnn2,tcm7re two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potentumf77wqnt*5x/ijmr )uq d8w, ial female mates by flashing its lighi/dm7q m7u*5 8wj)u frnt wxq,ts in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same locatioii a l4w0j9j-4bus4jfo d.:j tn?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanis+g9nnsp eh* ucpa,u0 *ms in sympga0p*uhn,* pnu9sce + atric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following ar1+( ow/iazcp7e9 krbi e often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homolo4/ z vy4l x 3xpta276ntcj3xxm3 nwufzv-v/c ;gous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can ro(u x+sw5m- qjk h0ye/esult in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct definiq0sk m-y (xj/ +5hweoution?

  Shown in diagrams A and B ar9wlcx4z88 n)x3p r a3udha hr.e two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during thehcf z,*vo ,wt)9nntw1 process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheatj.rz t;*te+cg and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also j ;tetz. c*+rghas a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the cong0 0ch2gwui 84oyke sm:o river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pai0suog:me yk c4h802w n paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selefyxuth x; 8:wnyy66(owe:- ur 2pyb)( r9jlkoctive breeding? x6hyk;uwy2 6 y )(fwerb9t-o(jr:up 8:xnl yo
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while the2z;gknlj yy:b qisn)/ve5 (3t order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species wgjk ste5 ; qv2/)i:zbny3ynl (as 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes,cc-py7 pvg6 8 b tyj)psj6y/(z and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspr86cb-/6y 7jvyjzsg)pp( cytping is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the ysms0i:4xp nvz :0,gr effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog rs: pi: 0xy,sg4v0zmn(Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiads0y l91wt / e90-xima dhh.rytion?

  Which statement best illustj1ud-x aa5 nbmkznd eiva71 0kt:5 /;jrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicah5,vhz brd mf-h q7kz6-a;t0wria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many cfmzhdh6thk ;05 , w-vbz -ra7qopies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective ,4dt1y)rcpa5r unt u-breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive i-8uu(3 kw 5gs+-qbx qu(f dfwc1/xbyisolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descriptiov i,ivr6hiqya,mue;k, -z q13n of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding a jhe r -.3m9shlb: cixocz421 mdw.y3sreas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best expljh:2o r -lm ci.dh43 139wezc xssy.mbanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into multibrg./v:vza 8 eple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to eace brva .:/z8vgh other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.