The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a game tk0m)dpk/+clc8ig. qte. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this organc0 t)kpq k/ +gicl.m8dism?

  The overall structure ofg pz6 ,6lw9p nyt)0(hsa6u psb the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. ul,tpw hg6 a690s 6pnszp(b)yWhat are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hy0/3+ ovko gdrvpt:pqz.n :c7epothesis that two populations are two.v/c treg:d:z 7pooq+pn 3kv0 different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signal8frncvp: ra*er0jj h4i(l /f2s to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by thap j*irr(: hnjvfc l0 2r8/4efeir own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms livbd n 5e,u60imving in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and difgv,7)ns cwr ukkb; 12kferences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allockbk uvrng 1s;)k 2w7,patric speciation?

  Which of the following are ofteny4scy 04mmcb 6 barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous sxnhw*s3t2d2 wtructures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word is matched towo x9zg(l)ga ,d,qhzfxc s r.vi 2c+7) the correct definiti l2szx(+iwg.7 zxcgdh,av,9) frq)o con?

  Shown in diagrams A a w4(13koesow7n dtgj mo;t-jbd4 2ax2nd B are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of evenk t02t 3oqt)zgts usually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and k3dvnh h-b0t+was the first domesticated crop. It ha0d3 n-vbhh k+ts a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestor o7 tz vuye(ho4v 0q.0phf bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairso40 zt0yveq vhp.7u(h theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective breedo.d 5l:rsb7++vu; qw4twzgmfings gflbort54wmz+ d;wvq+7:.u ?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species wasl i6w:ndy9/ e;emef* f found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids fi wn:f me;9e*d6yl/e found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 ch/rio0fup/w*/zyveb-r) mf 2lcwi; j;vm a ;8rromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descrip;u/mrmi vw erfc0w8z i/*;) ja -;rv /fopyl2btions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contracepv-on// sl dxsatd: ;(gdew8g 0tion pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram sh;gs8l0 og txan-/:we( v/ sdddows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radia7zi o3zey /t88bsm gn83 5 5zdygy.flrtion?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolutiodt 2yde;61q dbm yf7j-o;h )fpn?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) -qwx:b8r c*vii+kxd/qnz2;w q) x*bahybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosidb*kvw/+;2*xr8za:)x-q qic wbxn qome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection an54;eido s9y+nu( 3tsnx9 to hkd selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidib9z.2b u )vejy results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a giv itz0ywv:b/ - 4swx,ofen speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warblu c,1luv+zg/ h-azzt1ti3mo+ er (genus Setophaga). Whti+tzu 1uc+az-o31 zvhl, /gmat is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation resulc.l.ro3 rc 9) kolr6v) dftio(ts in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to. dfrl.t)o)ic3ro r(o9v lc6k each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.