The diagram shows the haploid nu1cwmq xj8xc trzy)l41 6kv q)1mber of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid nm1jwvc y l) 16 zrc481tkxqxq)umber of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin oftva2,yf4w, ym a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these strucv4m2twy,f, a ytures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the xszqb 1vdhd9 o:.*7)yajb v.80 iczpfstrongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two differen0.vv.)d 8jba:9bq 1i * hcxfzdo7ypzst species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) b m8f1j2eefuz;g a(h/i8 bcln1:zn c- signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond bff1nje( 8 - n/ c8 hm2eaczgzlb;iu1:to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same locav2gz*qr h qfr)u4p0t 80q6o xntion?

  Which describes the similarities an)a;awhygg qj 4 -7p0bx6l+xwcn r)1ypd differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric speciatiwx+x;a0 nar6p lyp1)c-q4gygj wb )h7 on?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between species? 3vdh;f 8jl1sz, luw(o
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous( +gh0n okzogs5m/bs5 and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciationsj:4kk.9 g,l3naza(n2qv fu y . Which word is matched to the correct defk zy9 4anl,f2:nj.vg(u aqks3inition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairgph0a j96bq3:*q *utony j+pds of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of specia-ake.3o.xu hftion?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was thi azwal-5x p5*e first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of i w*5- aap5lzxTriticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common an4.g)ys .xor .opbw2ge 6v:i;coy5a tx cestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in gexwbty 5g v4s)oy.:.axcg.oip 2e ;or6ographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through select(* )lhw 4vpes3txu*jbbsn 7z, ive breeding? zb* ) uw4sjxn ,tv*s3hp (be7l
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while 90 4e ee tnf,nwdjox3ugnya )sh 9eg)e7;3a1fthe order a) s ,en eet n;o0)nh fgwj3f13 exeag79u9yd4of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which hpxw c.y)3,k .1l ,ldrgf+ shmbas 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are mlw3y brp.cl+gd xk)f. 1,s,hcorrect descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on psxyj(lmi k-p x-/bk,ifd 65eb ;*p5fthe mating calls of the amk5 jd bp iix65,/besp fpf-;x(yk-l*dult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiat 2s zv7dkbn;:nmtboeno w 0we1,c6* ,vion?

  Which statement best illu0 pko* qcb1:ej)lffo2strates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise 7wj+m2/q dymqand form a new species. If both of tjyq7 /m2w+dq mhe parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrasq9g tq.b4ye 3n lf4hb:t natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results wm+ rpy -tx02t(zrhug p1a7+ ev ib(4xin reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a c2 xin7ts nglrz8 ;j,2correct description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four spe8tc.+ 6g/b xo ;ovcbiwcies of warbler (genus Setophaga). What+ bi 6c8cxob .o/vwtg; is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation r8iudmgzg1a;88lca wlsrj( : - esults in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each o :aszg 8ui;lr gd8(lm-8wa1jcther. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.