The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in(irbd() ig* sc a gamete. What could be the poly(s (dc ir)*bgiploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bonh8m 92xekjw c kc8b87bcq +of1vv e8e2es and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to eq88128vk+b8ec7x 2 ojmevc c9 kfbh was?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence suppy/3q .9ahu ie9ilcqmp )i-mz-orting the hypothesis that two pouc3aie ypi 9 /9.z--m)lqqihmpulations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals t fs9/d1a3xd bco potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light pat3cx /sa 9dfd1bterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in t9.zfj ylf*wa3pdt/ vsgk7 g9 2he same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differenc,eo)wd8jb* ll)u o vb8es between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopabol v)l*e)djo,ub 8 8wtric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation be2u(qwrqgf4 45n1dom x tween species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homol7rspjxx8;i) bfd bd2 8ogous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation.s vy9o3t(z*y t Which word is matched to the correct definiyvtzt*os9 y3 (tion?

  Shown in diagrams A and B areyh,mecwlz z z( l9m0p7 ;lly1( two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of sp/0ugm (ybo o ( af8qkjv gzx-d,t:fk84eciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticat+)e. nzba0nzizl+0oved crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum ane++ linv0azb)zo0 . znd another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo nkf*c)6jxw m6 river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selew k 6*)mcnx6jfction pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evider4(pdd1v qihob.9b(od,6 k em nce for evolution through selective breedineoob6d m9hrk1((.bqiv, pd4 d g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78%omjiroi v0r;m;t.v+c w--l /u the same, while the order of a+-/o-cjmi;r;v rwmlu i.tvo0mino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chsqi0f p2f-0njt rpz 62romosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descrf-qp02 pfi2j rs zn60tiptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been cond2jhx eddb. jnvs)84-xxup ;2bucted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of contro2-;bjpe v4 .nxddbxx8)2ushj l X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radipwlo1sy d rpq :0y..9vation?

  Which statement best illustrates the proce(x2.ldvpl- 8(c p:jb njq3glo ss of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persi+xit1dst-ev7 jvz 53 scaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to ha s1vds 3xvz tet+j5i7-ve?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and sel l/ocdhq0gy q9rbl s9 s54:sx/ective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isolatiov:job o k,go(2n.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given *v2tbtofov p:1 *w oslb53 s7, gsw)zhspeciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding *2v 7ai:gcgf qareas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best e *qc2a:if 7vggxplanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolvipe4 fbpotun :m8cd, akx-2z (4ng into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close p o4c(pfz2t,bn4 mx k-:udp a8eroximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.