The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosolt+dkur / e /e93dx:ncmes in a gamete. What could be the polyplo/9ul3e/ nkc t+r:d dexid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bonesl2 o /l11 +kp:l kezkrjjw vq2+n2ze)n and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What np /w+12k :z ejl2 )l+oevzlk12rn kjqare these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence s4d 2k0l53vjylnh3 v hiupporting the hypothesis that two populatio0332hjki hlv54 dnyv lns are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential i cd(6mdj*m -hqq)z1kt(x pqmd)d. x) female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own s(6zxxmq tdmk qd d*p-(1h.))qji) dcmpecies.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciaty)(;hc8+oeaa2sxf mu ion among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between k2pd tqf4h5:.,ypzk lisolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric speciation?2q. kzpfk5 t4hyp:d ,l

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation betwee wp(r3 4, 3p4incqvbayn species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differenceeq:v1*2u5d b 7mpp: l6wdso xp between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciatio sim/ b8-virz2n. Which word is matched to the correct ibmzv 8i/2- rsdefinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structures.tc2 lcg)p/l4 cy4x2jg

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of speciat1i:0l j*d, cpzzyq;htion?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and waspr g.a*) vo2cr the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparisonrr)ovg a2.p c* to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancest34a ;b gvg5g;uwq mze1or of bonobos (Pan paniscu z gv;mg3bq4guw;ea5 1s) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selecjd3 -q1qd(ucg7vp68 f ezcc(yfb- pj4tive breeding?qzppfec-j4 q7j b vdcdf8g(-63c (u1y
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between *nxke+09vmrpe0 ah +z two species was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two speciesvz0a+ xe+n9*h 0p ermk was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and 5 k/,tj eojuvbsfc;bj4 ,9(pma donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptio k(j,p 9fvj,5cetmb j;bs4ou/ns of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal coh(1fwr3d2) itj-,ou)e 1ui py xb+wqsntraception pollution on the mating cal d-w)iu(+sy io2e1uqj tf3br)h, p1 wxls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?wd q)l95a +ig4e9e/qsq c,def

  Which statement best illustrates the process 0tju)no4 :mf wof evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form2 vgqcxkq5fi5u:t ,fa0 jr(8c a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many :cq 0f8agr2(vx,k5iqcfut5j copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural select 1.jp2s6u2tna njxb,t ion and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductivl9nbuzc 19q u9e isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given specih9 8.sbi1j 5e-zgsddp q4kgf 7ation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four speciewviqf* /vzqdqit+;* e:++nn xs of warbler (genus Setoe* w/i+qz qv+xn fv; i:tqd+*nphaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral speciu 7vye+c wz,i37mvsjz n*(x ,bxo*-naes evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated. bvo7,z3-e+mu yw( *,vx sznx*jin7ca

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.