The diagram shows the haploid n4v( .e + x1hjueas3,g cq qg)t4yypmb0umber of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chro( 3mt+j ys4cv.g)qu yx1 e4g,pq0 ehabmosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms ofg p0t;arbn*o8t 5hs h50tx1i6b b)r vd bones and muscles, is similar to the ov 0tgvhsh8ro0brix5t1 np)bdt*65ba ; erall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supportin.sfxm ,cft8 *yly kcj2)xda 1/g the hypothesis that two fm/tkcyc8.yx, lf)x2d1 sj*a populations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyrali am/q2 -gli dvek(b0z,s) signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patternz k2- q/ ,gmi(0bealdvs produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living ,a u9,yu)tkv g /dr.yuin the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechgj6lo xk:+f g.anisms in sympatric anlxo6g:f .g+kj d allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barri* * r7w7ofdwhfers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structuklwblg7y7+3dm e;kq 8 red5l 7res?

  The table shows factors that can result in s 3)czz/(lbfa mpeciation. Which word is matched to thm( za3bc) f/lze correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structures.q flz b:vd,h,cd* l1m6

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occu0 yx oi:l(t+(-npws bsr during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is ar1u ecjjfc4z2io *v*6 n einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a oc2vur* e*cjiz614j fdiploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populatidvr wl1-onh 0o1 xb5(zon of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pai(rdwxb-z nl1ho1o0v5 rs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evo.xkj6 zrvpvv5 nw5rkaq26 u.n7w:b r/qqev/ -lution through selective breeding? 5nvux/ p 6rq.vjwnrv5rq6k27: -ezvk /wbqa.
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species ,kcwb;yi2 u v7fm zovr(4h7 3 oro22nvwas found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reasm72 h,r4bzwf(vo3okuc viv2r7;yo 2non for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a do.kjku 1 o,z,u5 uas*nqnkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which arej *akq.os kuu,u 5z,1n correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effdr2 o+-d9 ak tylhn(r+)h2vmzect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those expos-a+ dr2khr on(zm92+vdl)th yed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?cq 8t7qwn nas n(41als:5py z0

  Which statement best illustrates the proxs wfeh6 6o,m nhql9r;d)ui0* 5 8ssmscess of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria)cq/jt 0 nkqqv/x;ht0: hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of0t qnq:kvj/xhq;t/c 0 each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breeding. y -ygq n9q, )g /du6*r3gecbgj

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy r )t ca0hok9py*esults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descro/+gc g- vavhx-xl3p8iption of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four speck7z sk2mp mcz33wa/e9:z42d pan w,m gies of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such ekm9wcg32z p7dm:,zzn3 pw 2mas/4 akclose proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evofte5v(r80kh7fvgqae5 wzdsf37 3j ;+9d wr j jlving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductivelyzqf kj fe;v583wdv9r7( wrf j+eadg 5ts0h37j isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.