The diagram shows the haploid numbeu x;8 dhd +h2c7nrusgsvn4it1,0u:r yr of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid numx;hy0 2 rsu7hd 4 nu1i,ugcndr8 t+v:sber of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale,ztz(a(+m5r41l xbe 7ks-7vm9vl bbq p in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the ove rx(z 5b- 47m 1q79e(lbktzl+m bsvvaprall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that7fejttfg n zs, *,y.,y two population *,gtyte n 7y,f,jf.szs are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to m0 :cg))5ubdc .qg8eqacr9 fvpotential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patef 0qcb.ruq8c9 vgg5dca ) m):terns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in sctuwetpv 6/z- kitt;r2;) o7 lv3l d)cpeciation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differencesah/-,btlsatd acd6c -9cgv v g d;0m+1 between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric speciatd-;0 6mc-ata agc 1 g t/vbs+9,lddvchion?

  Which of the following are often barriers to *ibdhspk:3t;/.5iwp)(r w dbj3i v zohybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differezau8)h)nk ru,3l icp( nce between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciationr,4w;2() h r0icbu+ sdb)c e )pwtv,dotiuq5x. Which word is matched to the corrv,5)r2rcs dwbi epo uct +)q d(0);4,wtbxihuect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structurark1/+3 kizk dh s:gu;es.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the procesbvc(v3h/cy,a:gbcoq;u ) gf) s of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn,6 f((o nd. 5romrivmw wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a dinwm ,iv5(r (oo rdm.6fploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populati l v-w ,dmwl7.m7i )4hgbhb.auon of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and com.wb,hv u-d 7gll)i7wb mh4a.nsequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution thrb pt90f7i(a w9pst qcl ne,xq37 u20vyough selective breedinptqqc y n09fiewa0lb7vxus2 3(79,tp g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be,k8hye ahue;0x- ,li vsgr +*w 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell typ8ge,r0 u e;v+ h,*hlkyw- iasxes between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which h3y9 r+/uyid b-7hubpa as 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct dh-p3ua9yr ub 7+yidb /escriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contrar(wu -/ c(.8hadmh8gib tz0hp4 y;ab iception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the ;hygtd auhp(8-. cm 4bw z(bh /i8rai0frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatiodrq4i -h2i wet tf p4;:.6/vk zfnj*rfn?

  Which statement best illustrates the procel *ydvl 7:o8lzss of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus ag3x f*,lku,vPersicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of t3agxu, lk*fv,he parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural sele5 ; dv o xtm*-jfs30gkcpcq2(8jaqwx/ction and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproduy,9g dg5f y.l:t syv6jctive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description o,2u wz6quxe*lf a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setot 4 0 :yu4xaziam:c8 lbco.4kiphaga). What is the best explanac0i4zixylco4: am: uk4.a8 bttion for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolvi0kys mfk, v+/qng into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely rkym+0f /s,kqvelated species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.