The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could bet /i pq,dw5b+nx5hnh * the polyploi5/ntb q,whxi5 dn*hp+d number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is snp6npe4ro2p-q; z*75eu xbqyimilar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are the u zq*7nbxe6 ;5n4eq2yop-rpp se structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothyjcf71knrs/ mrpo0g, g2x/ g1esis that two populations are two 2f/g0rog, /xc1smjrpk ygn71different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential femalec 5i-+jbhafqhytb8 6, mates by flashing its lights in specific pa6 5+hq8bbci,tf- yhjatterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in sp gp 3a1hzx+s 3a(s;enweciation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences bet9;,-lu ulseph h*da0 jween isolating mechanisms in sympatric 9dueh,su0 ll-j a;p*h and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybri(jxq f-t9zeo9 x4rb7bdisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structur97t r lblsa.6cu*iy );d.cvjtslmw8 8es?

  The table shows factors that can result in sp2jx1qys )wk-4 6jj*wg-sbzigeciation. Which word is matched to the corre*x42qg-gbjj1 6z swjk-s wiy )ct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A ak/m he ld)ltx4tbg76w ;4xy2,z srnb w si0,z;nd B are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events u/:pesf sj 5 :c(dr55skwfi*dmfnvm3(sually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated iw(j9 rg4do7ty oke 5)crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speki7g)dwt yo4j9r(5 e oltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestor ja2xfk 5cyu(1of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolatio1 fk(c2u jyax5n. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the followinro*r.z1l*wfw (9 wb uyg provides evidence for evolution through selective breeding? wwz rr l9w(ybf1 u*o*.
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence betweenw7k9 clfcntdaqy 1pv (gfs257 nil/,. two species was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types a.nyt f siqn1glvd(2 pc7 lf9c57wk/ ,between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, af(sve7s0cw*and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule *07c fwavess( offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal ctv iww 1 )16e8dkwqtp5ontraception pollution on the mating call8)qt1v5k e6dwptw wi1 s of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?jp 26gwu/iai: br6r 5d

  Which statement best illustrateshj6njzn osj/n+9w g-r ,5jee +nwm2- s the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Pers * 4e/3(8n vqc cwdfb-ypjb5)xptjqk: icaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of eacejp5qjcy /t*:nk-q p (bvwf d48x3)cb h chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural ,c+eh(kvok inylg/m8zi9q 80selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy rectsu- r,kcoat1h- e9w5+. b( qyh dd:osults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation ev-i st :jdcvg,n*3 nqu0ent?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setopa y0 5v. 9/bwl,h1qoapubb/dphaga). What is the best explaad q0 /poh1b /u.yavb9b ,p5wlnation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species nr )wrie6e2y3 evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by wne3rr2yew 6 i)hich closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.