The diagram shows the haplbl)f7m+ mqpx9k0x1j qoid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromoso0q+ )kqmfmlpbx7jx91 mes for this organism?

  The overall structure r v0+h-qyqi;zpa/evk 8 :(fnhorc6)q of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these struct6 r)rcv/; h-nip(f+h80zv :qokyeq q aures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis /( wpn:jqi(w;69 m to0 et,2izluy mqjthat two populations are two different specijqzimlw 2y(j, /9ou ;0ptnqiwt(: e6mes?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to pote*a+k 8*a kuk2hm4* ars ujy:wbw) i7v*bq g(gkntial female mates by flashing its lights in specific 7 * ag kuur *kbih*8s (*kkw2ga)+:jbmaqyvw4patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same locationun mdr051(z-hudtj :w?

  Which describes the similaritie,7b voh tg9,fwil-ae/9o4u pjaum08 ss and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatrica4w 9,7ajmb gs viu9luhp-8,eotf0 /o and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often k/(njoye)y i7barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous stfkc kv+,u 0lew56 ue;aructures?

  The table shows factors that can result 6swi6sd cn hiem7xx..*a o2 1zin speciation. Which word is matched to t.ms 7a6x* ne.xod1izs6ci2hwhe correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B ar e r uhu/wwzn).3hl:z0n/ky 1re two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of speci2vwk/ri(.f+3 fmvh xvation?

  Triticum monococcum is an c2x13qj ry-f o1qhsml .s:g*l*nn0bk einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum gs*n3c qy * rx1ok1lj mfbhqln:02s-. and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common anch*qqltcck-6qmup ; 1 6estor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretu q61c;c* h-m6kl qqptical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective b5oa2f 5l(me3 *msz-wdjm0 oxlreedinglojwl( m dm 05mzf5s*3 -oea2x?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was founpb*rt4*4/2*c t klqsz:vv cas d to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types betw4c 4tp *v*qarv2b/ sc: sl*ktzeen two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 623-9 co6b dqh8gn kiip2 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mule-hco 96pni qg8i2 k3dbs?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraceptiw +jgv ggeiqb84y23-ton pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis aggy 3iebqg8 +2- jwtv4nd those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?ryzl * .l pq.3vbkx(b0

  Which statement best illustrates th jfy5krkm7:1 qe process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (geni5mbt by5 e( sxpnr1-0dr7yz:b*dq* lus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species ha 5*rbi*1 e:( l 0sqznxy-mpddbbty57rve two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selec- q4 wyykomrjn:- i+p6tion and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyplo p;x6nb2r je /hi6(wbkh+wb/pidy results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of all*w+:qb99dt(as ecm given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding yfz1k de5k0j38xmvn+60nehk areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist 360mjkfn+ nzy08kxhve5 1ked in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancesmb2icu lq *mm y7;41lk hkp9,stral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by wl1i,ypmu* ; b 9k4 7hsmklmcq2hich closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.