The diagram shows the haploid oj fa+mh)k- e2-ucjo7 number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosk fuocoj7-mea-2 )jh+omes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones a-hzg;y2kf a8bnd muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb o- fy;ah8gzk2 bf horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supportgwovtb r*gleey7 ;t)i /1+c8e,9vpkzing the hypothesis that two populations are two e ipt1cy97ve;l + /w*kr8vb t),gozgedifferent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mateqeldzunpc:o7t r; ch ,5ps+ w*++ry4s s by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own speci5sr4*+uhwz o ylcq+dn,t:p7+;pe cs r es.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among o /mbu8buj dyknyb/h)nd:: 9 x+rganisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the simo lzx vr *+w6uh00-jw0op.afiilarities and differences between isolating mechanisms in syul-oa0p+*o r0x6 jfw.0 vh izwmpatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often 8ckpugn+mq gxawl2z*4 b , ;nuf)f, .2hkw e0tbarriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between hom4yz*vws f2rl+d6++ep2de c ilologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that cajjshi8z e;:m hh//wcb+*yeh0n result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct d sz/ hheb;i jhc 0*+8jmye/hw:efinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B ary+/,kj*wdd c oa vtg+2e two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of speciatio2k+ rj0hxzkuz() jp z2n?

  Triticum monococcum is gd:8xj r4po+ ean einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What i pjre8xdgo+4:s the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the commo)nqjfv7p l3i aec7 ,j+n6;nfgn ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two poj)7p qc3 lj+fngn6;i f aev7n,pulations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution tk5 6 6ip7zgsn kuh..lwqq;rf0hrough selective breeding66 7 q.in zfhqrskw;ukg0l5p.?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was fouyjb m-)*s/dxi3 wgh:gc* m.qm nd to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two speciesqbmm dc. x) /s*gwyih3jm-g :* was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 mwf5(6 kd.qt pxvj. *tchromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is prod.mv6x.t kjt *fwq(p5duced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal.(mtnr 2g5p hx contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volumengm5th2.r(x p of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radidlk mg7*87f jo 5ort6oation?

  Which statement best illustrates the process ofmnd+6siy3vw (pigzp.b h1 9r, evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (g/z 1+t dgiv9g 0aav11hnq0a gfz xuw8h .yws35enus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to y9f na gvh1t 8.shvg5 g0 uaa/iq+xw1wdz3z1 0have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breeding.k zwk2y )oj0qh5)j- sb

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductivep+gpgfgtu5 0 yo)3k) p isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation event? h.21 .nz egbca

  The diagram below shows the feeding (m fzc9m;v vq qm6*a(pareas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these6qam*p;z vq (f(m9cmv warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into multiyvq5 .xlgj, bhk 810peple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close prox 8qxyl.ve j501ghkpb ,imity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.