The diagram shows the hapqsoi,)*m rz*f loid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this )sz* *qirmof, organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms pp ao9 aa51jk n-r bdj5da+ p*;tg7;wmof bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures rea1mjp5 p;b75*gr o9j+anddtp -k a; waferred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis thao j9+h1qgm u)wt two populations9o jw1qhg+)mu are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flash jg.: (1xsm sck76qoohing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species. h6cq.jo(mg:xs7o k1 s

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in spece.z(/*; ;maei y uq*nsixs v6xiation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and d*,,k8kli gbz y ;(;ixltwxt( cifferences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric speciatik ;i; cgzwtb i,l((,lyx x8t*kon?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between 0 o.y;7 ighxhlspecies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogo)e ,h8slk6kjdg66lm viy .4qu:l* nq )t9evm ous structures?

  The table shows factorsh;m8 j(l2ot we5f ev4: g)leud that can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the corrllt;ve(eoh28) 5 jg 4me :wfduect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similaq pa4to9q/b a;l2c2eq r structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events g)kob m78rn8x usually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticate0 s) frg+dhi8stg(0 cnd crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct tr tsds8g()0inh0gf + cerm for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo rivdqv1affm. dqq u*1c0-p9y nl*er divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selectio mf*v ad y-p01*fd ulqq.9qcn1n pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution tv 9 (xl3nuctmvi0c2 -yib)2a uo :;akzhrough selective breeding? vil: ck 9n(oz- i2t;3y)aacv 2bm0u ux
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two specie7g 2dbxan 6 0;vyim:zjs was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between0gzd y7:b n 2ajiv;x6m two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 6c4,c8.6pp4 hj xvvfhzse1t2 k4 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reprodc sfhect4.k,8 zp46 xp2j1h vvuce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contracepg f.qqswh 7cv ++ckt4te4bs 71tion pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency andtgktf1s vqc7+q+.4 ebchs4 7w volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?,q:yazt,x a1 ns.j8qp

  Which statement best illustrates thp /obvc7jaus q:91fvr0q4z f6 e process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new - p u3cpgh8md1n7;os5bq jse5species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many conp7j;-3d pm5s 1bcq8uhe so5gpies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breedz)tybw y/ wf64j8,fn -nrkef 3ing.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isolatixft89qm i uy)0 dxyxi-n08;alon.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a givk q2+atlt:x,9 emd92 m2puofgen speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding area7: 9rctigjozs 0lmn(:s of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers ca9sm:n7(ogz:jirt0 l c me to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolvnjyihhdg h1.tn0 +9)ding into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely relatedt+id9n.jhh y)0hng1d species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.