The diagram shows the haploid number ofkpx2 et4xe9 -e chromosomes in a gamete. What could be thke9e xpex24t -e polyploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in t cm::bpk euw)y9e 4i8lsmc6 v(erms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to a:) i4m(veuw9y c : 6p8bekmscls?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothw 1kmd4:*jg seesis that two populations are twod1* :gk4sjmew different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potentrxt3 e7ir bgo- q f3py4+,p0pgial female mates by flashing its lights in specific patty f34 rgr qpbe0t-pi3o,+x pg7erns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in spec./g. d xeo:v1j9dzk:c. w kwabiation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanism s l2ori.,ehy0s in sympatric and allopatric speci , .lhsoe02ryiation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between species 8gp:kx6 *tey fbyvb(5i*-s qn3wfca*?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key diffe2th f;2p,g)bfrs 0 dg4iz4xojrence between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors tsl/cz2g a9,a dlp6k(n.:mm7d gni; zmhat can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct definiti96ld(nm2is zm ka zlg:g;a.,/ c dn7mpon?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar struc/z 36oqr wnss u*0q(cutures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the procrb (mvxk19fqx7 pnx+8ess of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum ia0j3y p+m m,kns an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcummjy ,n0 +3makp and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the con+ca:cma-t a: e0trt/kgo river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)a:aka+ /cr:tmet-0 ct , resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective brp+kfhc3 hi51u la m:v:eeding? :ka 3 5puivhfhcl+:m1
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found td1q3a( h(*tsg u9coi:li 38ezl8y bz to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the sam o13ca8zie(lgh d:z*3t(y 8l u bitqs9e. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes ql+7:nv eyh+zv8 8m2 rhq mwx8reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descrwzqr8ev7q+y2 mv8h+x h:lnm8 iptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the b7h bsw 63jxgk aw*4-8 g;pas+ vo;jpjeffect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis a3sjp 8x+aa*k7jw ;b -vj;bow4s 6phggnd those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatw 4s8f*/nbextx ur ;/wy ii0,fion?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of ko7m9 md huyj21y1(dly ld ipn)(k1)sevolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise anwrt.ax)o0)t42 w j rwvd form a new species. If both of the parent species have two 0)awttwv.o rrxj 4)2wcopies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and s:t4d* rs-xz meelective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy re 5qq a8o-gkao y0 nm 0:x:6zvvi rw*y,wn:nv8csults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation even;f1k:hyblw s.b +qb+b t?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four specmvw82l;l s3q uenkh .,qn9 q0cies of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is th2lq9q m w u; qlhv8n0,n.e3kcse best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation resultc )sgy ) se 33eo-sttm/rzi1 wo/qse:/s in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new )c swm3y/1stset)/is- egqo:orz e/3species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.