The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What co5.vi 2 l:b2ml:uaff bvuu42bh uld be the polyploid number of chromosomeh 5b 2 vl.uib2:v2mb:au4flufs for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles3tx 3oe w3zr qpf:9mvas9d/5c, is similar to the a3f3 c3/wmt: qed po5rzs9v9xoverall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evid 2539cph a4xc 5arpwtqence supporting the hypothesis that two populati a cxcq a4hr95p35pw2tons are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals tojc i,g o)sl(a- potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light pattgojisa) , -lc(erns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation amonac(lqi gd t );/tv.jush; 1xg;g organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolat i7jh2 63swy-t5fexesing mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric specf52-eyits e6sh x37 wjiation?

  Which of the following are oftenn .:y8ze50yu p0ced0szio hriwd 0u 1, barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homk/y;jqx x6vd6e1mbkw)p d.*cologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation n47ujn u3lhc2. Which word is matched to the 7nunc j24ul3hcorrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairssc,i 2(r-do+06-fv g4qakrah q aqc.y of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the processeys*vz 6bx qr9*kt1w55b :v av of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the firs0/pziu jcps7/txc -f i 8y(,jst domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococjx7f ici s/cp0,- y/8u (jtszpcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the f(0tq rfyt.fng0(.jlcommon ancestor of bonobos (Pan ng. 0trq0j(f yflf (t.paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution throug.e4ck tzm t6,m9 eq:q87aqggth selective breeding? cq7 z6:t 8.t kqe9 gatmmq4eg,
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence betw ;veyr7c(8pd))u ukiauucj2 ,g/4idde0 a*wteen two species was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell ty)w* ec 0uy i2utej;7au(ra/vu4)k8gc p,d iddpes between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromo a:5c nlvw,l.1zgdiyo3c4 ig8somes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Whicy1vig o,8:.na34lgi lcw dz5 ch are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception poswz.f b 8jy(-f2qg : +wno4ncnllution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating ca-nn y8qb4(jcon+fwg: fw2.zsll) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation:sexx.9f ;(4 hmtc9xni fxd-e?

  Which statement best ill2,)9y(vfglb3 dj 9nnpak:-j i;d4 )mvyshyibustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartwuhetl 5wc+,v,eed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, hot ,h+ cweuv,5lw many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective s59h /hm(y rnjn+kdxba/t g,6breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive is k5g0e5 0ey6gbx) hsoyolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given specibb5lp5rvyk.fr4j3y +ation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genu- q:i(k zoex8js Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how t-kx8ezijo: (q hese warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral z78 k nwil6 furdai)90hb4dp0 species evolving into multiple, closely related new specw iah04dbf80)6l 9r7kzud inpies which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.