The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in jue: 9lxjc2 r-.pu ) *pvdo4iga gamete. What could be the polyploidu2 i-pp:lgc4* d9vj). jrueox number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms o p93bc;w9*orfzwp e-x-et5/cad 8zut -y.xykf bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structuyp8.9zra3o --/e9f tzwe5-ck;t cdpy*bx xw ure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the str kh))4:ctwpiz a ym44wongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two pa44 hw wi4zm :y))ctpkopulations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals u*c.b8a +1uvjc7txcuwyg , p, to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light pa7,ugc ,uv waccby*x8+ upt1j.tterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among vm40+8x92o +n ibpfrgm gbzf*organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between 2qzj 1.4dpp p.cf63sp +l e+ngt)mnmht; a+naisolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopa6+s egjntn..phlt m+ q3ppcm2+a4n az; )p1f dtric speciation?

  Which of the following a)zhxdf;xmi,n;d f9) ure often barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and a)nyjl gck 364knalogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciatb:edf s xho)4q +;t(7 udqiwx,ion. Which word is matched to the corb:q4w,(d +t i)s7qhex;o dx ufrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of simii t3b+kczf- klmd3 /d6lar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually ocid1rn+;/vk bd cur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was wgvk*9 ram) mpl 5q,f.the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid numberklp). m9aq*v m5w, fgr of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the commonvv/f z o.qs1b6 ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which cqszo./b v16fv orrectly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence f603ru s +lwqsxor evolution through selective breedin06x+l wsrq su3g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, whi j7j+ mgu5xdfg i0 1+lhpw/:icle the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two speciud 1wf 5g7ci0mj l+hg:+jp/ixes was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromos:)lef xk8x)b8banr, gomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a 8nef):bl, )a8bxxkr g mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effeg,ps6e-(s la zct of hormonal contraception pollution on thez(p- g6as,esl mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radivn8viiema3(,a)i b9bz x3pt 6ation?

  Which statement best illustrates the process v7w d efmp2xq4tiidh(fr;6. n5d .8vbof evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and for 8ay5egjoh c6 ,8uzy+dm a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how madhuz 8j+yeoygc65 a, 8ny copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection andzwpu ra wns *909is8e-6 g9dxc ,(kysv selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results il )izbv6z:n((*2qu 1gfhzvbgzm-rk (n reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciat pm) d4l8,zh, naxg5zxion event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of fjxq(0( znehkbf 40 unlsu-x+9our species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What +ne(u q(b9nzx 4u sh 0x0-ljfkis the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation re y9ny4g+wml86pzi:pcsults in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechap8+m 4zl6npg9wyicy:nisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.