The diagram shows the hau.zfora n/r.f- g(pm7 ploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for thiso 7gfpr-.u.n /(mr afz organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in ter dbfz7lh8/n:xms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall s7 bxzdfh8n /:ltructure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the ,: jw*a xglhwp7zn0z4strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two differen p:lxaz*jzh, 470ww ngt species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to p ae(pjc lj18o,otential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Fo1 jc8l(ap,e jemales will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same locatxjxg3h t7 wycr,0t)j -ion?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between is8p g(ys qpkcv p/t6al7 -e.5ztolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopk .s yp/e(lt vtpp57a-6qz c8gatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between ;w5qu ibm uadii r*2*,species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and nl* 4qz3x)vc w9uh8 vuanalogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speci6eznkrl4;0nb/nm 6 mgation. Which word is matched to the correct definitgmrz e/nnn6 lk m064;bion?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs 9y m,u2c;*z wyyz (kw(fk,tle of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually st6o)q4 99plpddr fs,occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domest(4 h n;ryjqitmcmu.6k3ml* m 2icated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another gras4nh(t.i ql;km3j2rm6yu mc*ms Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that tyevoe0(+2: ffkcwx uc8 kj 5-vhe congo river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytesc (-:vf0v ke8w5fe 2+xkuj yoc), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective b .38e1xmj i oawwt1fa;reeding a8 a1;31jm.oewftwix?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two spedu +osz:dr1j k3dy/6c cies was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the :ddry s1u k3cdoj6 +z/same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 70hbsmduhp(/62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correcum b dh07(/phst descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contracept;e7 bvgryrcmbe.h8 bl 6-/zh0ion pollution on the mating calls of the adult mm8r6r-eevby hz/h l;bg. cb7 0ale African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?4suxb5oog9s)gi5ai 5) )li og

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolutio,t7dd9x ro2jv n?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and fork81 tfjllzikrh 3 4nrqyb 5f2g8 v,2;km a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many ,53yr lf l k8izvq81f kgb42;r j2hntkcopies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrastsi3l;, zx/lln kt6 lh)n 8-onp natural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in8 dam/g7h me,j reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct de;em*pww7 9gvh scription of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four specix /sh d)el.l2bcwt nvr03gm4 )2b,peies of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexis iesbw xgnl0)./ epltv,2 34bhrmd)2ct in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation resultikl (p5) hp2k45c pcels in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated. ph5l ( 5ckpilcp k)e42

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.