The diagram shows the haploid number ofe ;tfr gvuwx20hx- wcs17j.t/ chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the pol ft utj/wh.7vw0gcsx1rxe ;-2yploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of thom gu(i 75oslf4+ avk)e fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is simi kg7i54)ol+m sfu oa(vlar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporti(znfbi38rz v .ng the hypothesis that tb i3fr8znz (v.wo populations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flash/(+avtb1g hixn m xb7:ing its lights in specific patterns.nabihmt +7 bv/(xg:x1 Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same l+kt 68tpj jk95 n(zpwtocation?

  Which describes the similarities and differencoqaty 3-u *zu;es between isolating mechanisms in sympatrio-;*aqz 3yut uc and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybri5(vvd7 lh1asru k5 ui9disation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homoloa/xfg 3y8co9 ugous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in specia c.ph;o2,obsk p )jls jz.z:x4tion. Which word is matched to the correct defin.bsl;z: xcps.o 2ojk4 jp z,)hition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structu:if0c1pjuldo/ k0(9xpg / 9:q esuzmwres.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the pmj*p2ly fq8 ;fq-nw( process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. Ir+n4skf 2syq:t has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which alsy s 4fk+qsnr:2o has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of llzl1 *ttrht1 vih(mk /rv9-7the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptat-m*1hiv17 9llktrzhr( l/ vttions of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective breefv n,g-zrf-6eding?- ff6 verzg,-n
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while the o uvpteyeog /+hr:mh2 2ex36* nrder of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% t3 n teohrhy:+ * ve2gem62p/uxhe same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a d 2)tbr75wgaauonkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced.w t25ar7bag)u Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conj jg wd5ik,/whb*7l u1ducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and,w kbu1 5j/gwijd*7lh those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatil 3dcu- /oq/.q v w35akccdyr)d6p4rq on?

  Which statement best illustratebmzu5jrj;t ) )s the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species.mqf k0n qntbya* i (h9,jh8q o4*wg0n t/a;ru0 If both of the pankg,ra0on(*b t f y*wuh j h4900q/tia 8qnqm;rent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective br4vf(w k t:mo3bv ,+.pm6 n(ozvh0db hweeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in repswv 6om x/:,cqg(ti4yjfs. h+roductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct descriptt)l 1y ae9mt3 ;v*eohx w3-dbhion of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding ar0n) ywo s 08fug(lzz/seas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coyz0u fl)/gn(zws 08s oexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolv -iu0osp9e:b1h;h 6ema czh+u1ug p-xing into multiple, closely related b+;sp h1u-o ue p1h69zamg- chiu0:x enew species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.