The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could b fofn9h.+c ;w2j( ;yofk;9 zqau t9zf.hbhat )e the polyploid number of chakhfft2nabcu. o; yh;oj 9 ft9w+qz ) 9fz;h.(romosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, 7gi1jij czu65 )(;d ge+o3 cap r -1flfe;etqkis similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses.13c5fj -tif ;qjg(k ce7)6+ud; ez1aorie lgp What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supp,ndt xgdmy223a9 7risorting the hypothesis that two populations are two differi3dyds 2n7a,2tgx 9 mrent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential feml,bvqmn+sea5 p2* jm1ale mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light pattern l5as*p m2 +nm,jvqbe1s produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among or3kbfv-, (dcj nganisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isol.mkdy97ci8pia6 vsw2ating mechanisms in sympatriwyd2 6.9ik8 v7 sicmapc and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation betx8d*t- rfu5* j 7hgig66ao unxween species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differ+bl td)b9 *mtfence between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word6cr):1f t anes is matched to the s aefn:c1)6rt correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and Bv7 fdi,1ed)n4oh dn 5t are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of even0b,,ymcf a,;-n;2djlbp kih qts usually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first do6rn.o1q0f)c 2rc ko3 of0jrhwmesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparo 003qhnfrr c1)jkw rco6.2foison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancesto 9,s,jrc;mc m-(vo yesr of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressu r,mj-; ,mcv(yos 9cesres and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides eviden2mot3skg +(ft2 2mf rdce for evolution through selective breedingd2(g mf orts3kfmt+2 2?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while t f g rbg hwwpow-h*6t;+,zzo:;he order of amino acids found in the same cell types betw+rhgw-6t;:hg z*,oz fobw;pween two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donke)c*uhc ;d m-9g+b vcipy, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. W9cmcudhg p-cib)v * ;+hich are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on th ,ci0gdfi 0oa6.cgbn.e effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevib 0ci.io,g.f6g nca0d s). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?+cw .ojh j0ej-s9thgu:bz)qd7q,ti :

  Which statement best illugnb8vug;ij :- x;:penstrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise*9krrarikycy5-1dixu6 , v5c and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is acd 5x95*kikry1cy6u -v,arir daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and seq1wkorevl0 g9 dkd*+9 lective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isolat jigguza 447kx; 90nvrion.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a give7rc7ru; dp wd/n speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genusm-bpljfzfsb ;-)4e9n Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in suchsjpfe4f9-b )bzlm-n ; close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in asbxf-)beni n.ch +m(d -1- ibr single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each c-ix+bbdem--1h)ir.( sn nbf other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.