The diagram shows the haplmqr/m4g5 i al-og1s9y s v,)79ordv njoid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosv g o/d)9as19-7,v5lmsrmoiyg4r jqnomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones 1h+8ljra xcy1and muscles, is similar to the overall struly +r11a8chx jcture of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence suppor ) bw,(;vq*r7ngggry zting the hypothesis that two populations arqrvyw),b zg r7 g;ng(*e two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashing itsjqp:5p (c 3di.s oyw r73mxr3x lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own speciepm3p:5 o7r y 3( xx3irs.qwjdcs.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in spu,c mu g:bjfwb931p:peciation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mechanismskzf e g5rg3pyth-), ,z in sympatri-epf ,hy 5k g3t,zrzg)c and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are ofte1,du. ps2w,2dhmnkibq bz j,)n barriers to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structuresl l7juirq+o.x(ih1 f .qgoai7;m 2 qc/?

  The table shows factors t .jhggxwef+ f4fm n)1;*5iwjx hat can result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct definitig );xf.j5 wefhgx+m jwnf41*i on?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar strqj / 86k73+hu.ihdkibbo s )gpwy(hl;uctures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of spepr8h55f v ialar(o 3mlmwn58 5ciation?

  Triticum monococcum i7z as q,e /b5b.cg th;ffp,bx8s an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. ;/gb,78 ebft s,5qxc.hza bfpTriticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river diajozt-n+vo5 *egi6m 0vided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. 0* 6m-egz+at ojvino5Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective b dcth/)vgy, 2b5da(esbb i*n9+g.xxbreeding?5gnvcg/+bset*)y ba (ix,9. bdbdh x 2
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78 ti5e(-x le/zt% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell typezet 5-x( lt/ies between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which hal0bk 8uq xlj.7ep-a h3s 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produch7.a eqj k0pu-8l3xl bed. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contylgtv;om ev0/:(i 5r r6lo81btw5ehmraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequencrhl1;:8 wvv egmemt6ylt5ro5 0/i(oby and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radi*a7 ct m ckq-ko7,2opwation?

  Which statement best icu,ijkda k8v7s8i pax l51:e+llustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a newxl -y*n+xxk gf;v2yto ou/6aq+ke ; a6 species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to hao2n+yv;l o*ux6 qk kxy+e /;gt-xa f6ave?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selec1izn;l:dlia: t ny n68tive breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results5nylg/0l -b lq in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a givz5 pu:v+s rzv+en speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four spec6n3da.b;)xpr/enrl s0m lo/ pies of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explan 6 orp;.3/mn )/bllanpdxr0esation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation resumz4zc.9):8(iv uetj( d u xxuqxpej+ +lts in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely :zcm( xveudq tze x49ji u(p8.x)j+u+ related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.