Which provides evidence for a higher level m+*p/c ekule (bi gt04of biodiversity now compared to any time i0iucbm l4+ e e*/(kgptn the past?

  Which statement(s) are possible soll99 )i7wt emwoutions to the biodiversity crisis?
I. Promoting rewilding projects
II. Recycling and reusing products
III. Increase meat consumption

  Which is not a cause of thexqn6i;ky9y xe+t: 4u o current biodiversity crisis?

  Which is not a cause of anthropogenic specj 1yu: 9sp;kowxc3m4u ies extinction?

The image shows the ext:f)5eme4 qvlg inct North Island giant moa (Dinornis novaezealandiae), a flightless bird that was native:4e5 evm)qflg to New Zealand. The Moa became extinct in the last 200 years, during the current sixth mass extinction.

1.1State the key difference between the current sixth mass extinction and the previous mass extinctions.

1.2.State one possible cause of the extinction of the Moa.

2.1.Outline the physical evidence scientists have collected indicating that the Moa existed.

2.2.In the past, scientists thought that the kiwi (Apteryx haastii), a flightless bird based in New Zealand, was the Moa’s closest living relative. However, this has been disproven. State what evidence scientists may have found to disprove this relationship.

2.3.The Moa’s closest living relatives are the South American Tinamou (Tinamus major), which have the ability to fly. Explain why these birds are less likely to go extinct than the Moa.

3.Evidence suggests that the Tinamou and Moa shared a common ancestor, but they evolved independently from each other when they were geographically isolated millions of years ago. Explain the evolution of the Tinamou with reference to natural selection.

4.Another animal at risk of extinction is the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), shown in the image below. There are thought to be fewer than 80 in the world. Suggest two methods scientists could use to prevent its extinction, with a reason for each.

  Which definitions are matche5a)0skhkuba ,d to the correct form of diversity?

1.Outline why scientists m* wh,k w8m*8zwn8tv7 ast*j yrust have several approaches to conserve biodiversity. j8 8vwy * kt*8w*,hsmrwtz 7na

2.There are approximately 80 Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in the world. Discuss the environmental and economic implications the Indonesian government must consider before volunteering the Javan Rhinoceros to the EDGE programme.

3.Explain why rapid human population growth is linked to the current biodiversity crisis.

  What is an example of an en1v1b/ )mj: kbjncdm f ce,s9*mergent property?

The image shows the cz ;tzyp)) n-h g:obyk5hanges to mixed dipterocarp forests in Southeast Asia over 100 years. Researchers have concluded that the chbk;pn) :-tg)oyyz zh5anges are mainly due to anthropogenic factors.

1.Distinguish between the forest coverage in 1900 and 2000

2.State the definition for ‘anthropogenic’.

3.Explain two possible anthropogenic reasons for differences in forest coverage between 1900 and 2000.

4.Suggest what evidence scientists would need to collect from the forests to provide evidence for a biodiversity crisis in South East Asia.

5.Suggest why it might be important to increase biodiversity in the area.

6.Conservationists in the area have started a reforestation project in the area, in an attempt to restore the forest to 1900 coverage levels. Discuss what effects this would have on biodiversity.

  What is an example of an eggsru8vyqe(y/ l4 .2emergent property?

Mediterranean temporary freshwater ponds possess a distinctive quald6ps.tjq6 xr,lof( :qity: they are shallow bodies of water that exist independently from permanent aquatic systems. Subjected to periodic cycles of oxql6(6:jdrps, .qtf flooding and drought, the plant and animal species that make these ponds their habitat have evolved to survive within these dynamic conditions. However, the ponds face an array of threats stemming from anthropogenic interventions and the escalating impacts of climate change.

Within Greece, these ecosystems host a variety of approximately 36 bat species. To find out more about these species, an investigation was undertaken across four distinct temporary ponds situated at varying altitudes. This method involved employing nocturnal acoustic monitoring over a span of three nights per month. The objective was to gauge bat activity levels within these environments. Notably, the assessment encompassed two specific zones: one near to the pond's edge and another situated 300 meters distant from the pond. Of particular significance was the identification of certain bat species that serve as indicators of the ecological health of these ponds.
Graphs (a-d) show the results from each location by season. Graph (e) shows the mean bat activity for each of the 4 locations, calculated from the results from the seasons when results could be obtained.

1.Identify, giving a reason, which area would be the best for monitoring bats in the summer months.

Insect species present in the ponds may continue to attract bats even in the absence of water. Therefore ponds were monitored with and without the presence of water. Results for the four different sites are shown below. (The site at Brentanou was at a lower elevation and considered to be marshes and swamps, so mostly wet at all times).


2.Comment on the activity of bats with and without the presence of water in all ponds

3.Evaluate the use of bats as ecological indicators (indicator species) for the presence of temporary ponds in the Mediterranean regions

An abundance of a variety of aquatic insects in the temporary ponds can increase the survival rates of bats. The biodiversity can be measured using the Simpson’s reciprocal index of diversity.

4.1.State two measurements that are needed to calculate the Simpson’s reciprocal index of diversity.

4.2.Outline how the variation of one of these measurements affects the diversity index.

5.Describe the similarities and differences between a biotic index and a diversity index.