The important properties of animal cell membranes are fluidity a urgw,*u1qm z3nd permeability. Which molecule is responsible for ensuring tu *,3g 1zrmwuqhe membrane’s fluidity?

  Which statement correctly desh(+stg2p7;2 r f6v+sboilgf0sxk na / cribes the cell membrane structure?

  Which structure represents a component responsible for reducing memu dinf,b) ns/e1tze,lda0 18 jbrane fluiditse/, 1fau bel,it0 nz)ndj18dy?

  Which component of the cell membrane is represented by structure++c6 ngyndgjy4+hh m;uerj:a m:c/j ; X?

  Which of the following enfu6v tw9l :8is not a function of cholesterol in cell membranes?

  The diagram shows a plasma membrane. Which letter indi 1-q)9h 3by.fljiwox rcates cholesterol?

  Which of these membrane proteins carry)v9r, pwa-9:e z0l,s wvagpm g out active transport?

Neuronal cells have special membrane properties that vn5 kjp:y 8ik:9t9ryiallow their axons to propagate action potential from one cell to another. The d n pkk99r:y vyii58tj:iagram below shows a portion of an axonal plasma membrane.

1.1.State the role of a sodium-potassium pump in axon.
1.2.Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump.
2.Distinguish between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
3.Compare and contrast sodium-potassium pumps and potassium channels.

  The diagram shows a polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which 1e4sh2lclt*7ra- 2iu;ox lovis native to the Arctic. Which stateclih sl 27u 2oet;al-rv*o4x1ment about the composition of its plasma membranes is correct?

  Which allows cells to sti idb9st42kp+j ck together to form tissues?

  Some acetylcholine released dc1 k,tdp:uq v/n:sp, by a motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction stimulates muscle contraction, while the remkdv :dtc u,p:q,np 1/sainder is rapidly removed from the synapse. Which processes are required for this to happen?

  
Which structure on the above diagram corresponds to the molecule below?

1.Outline the effects of placing a liver cell in a hypotozt2xp 8kmvnw+ *8m6klnic solution.
2.Outline how the fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells or to be released from cells.
3.Compare and contrast four types of membrane transport. Include an example of each.

  Which of the following is not a function of membrane protei6 ,r9t; qbueda1tkk /dns?

  Which of the structures below canth :d7pslg52rq*,nkx transport water molecules across the cell membrane?nphg2r k7d x,:5t*s lq

  Which statement describes endocytosql d3i7 n)b.b,lpku m0is?

  In an investigation into the effect of solute concentration on diffuv7pryd: w1r8 jsion rate, starch solutions, of varying concentrations, were placed inside starch permeable membrane balloons. Each balloon was 1yrwdjv 8 p7:rput into a beaker of distilled water and at 3 minute intervals, samples were taken from the solution surrounding the membrane balloons in each beaker, placed on spotting tiles and tested for the presence of starch. The time taken for a positive test to show was recorded for each trial.


The results are shown in the graph.

1.1.Identify the dependent and independent variable in this investigation.

1.2.State one variable, other than time of testing, that should be kept constant in this investigation to ensure the results are valid.

2.Describe a positive test for starch.

3.Explain why the method used in this study would not be appropriate for an investigation into the effects of solute concentration on active transport.

4.1.Samples taken from the 5% and 10% starch solution both tested positive for starch after 3 minutes. Suggest a way in which the experiment could be improved to provide a more accurate result.
The accuracy of the experiment could be improved by  ----待选择----increasingdecreasing  the frequency.

4.2.Predict the time taken for a positive starch test for a starch concentration of 3%.
A positive test for starch, at 3%, would take approximately    minutes.

5.Suggest modifications to the methodology that would make it suitable to investigate the effect of glucose concentration on the rate of diffusion.

  The graph shows the results of an experime f9uzmb*9liix g1i8z:qb )j:vnt on osmosis in potato tissue (Solanum tuberosum), cactus tissue (Carnegiea gigantea) and sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus). Similar sized pieces of tissue were immersed in different solutions o1x:j zuz9f8 giv)bm*:iil b9qf sucrose for 30 hours.



1.Estimate the concentration of sucrose that is isotonic to the interior of the potato tissue.
The concentration of sucrose in the potato tissue is    mol dm$^{-3}$
2.Using the graph deduce, with a reason, the tissue that has the highest solute concentration.

3.Suggest one reason for the difference in internal solute concentration between the sunflower seed and cacti tissue.

4.The epidermis of the potato and cactus and the testa of the sunflowers seeds were removed. Suggest a reason for this.

5.Predict what the appearance of the cacti tissue would be like at 0.5 mol dm-3 sucrose solution.

6.1.State how percentage change in mass is calculated.

6.2.Explain why percentage change in mass is calculated rather than change in mass.

7.Explain why temperature has to be controlled in this study.

8.State one way in which this experiment could be made more reliable.

  How is the action of sodium-dependent glujd7si2 ur+b pm8)tngyw1f+9hcose transporters in the small intestine, an example of indirect acgdpws7hunfijr8 9t y1+)+ m2 btive transport?

  Which type of transport is represented by this diagram? cphd( m,r)/ r)ihag*s9 uu ogr;n71v u

  Which row about the different methods of membrane transport is incordde hs,g2 p - yiv0sfu/fa73j4rect?

  Which evidence supported the Singer-Nicolson model of the jq/hrdtw. 0 xgej8/(tplasma membrane?
I. Membrane fusion experiments revealed membrane proteins can diffuse from one position to another in the phospholipid bilayer.
II. Analysis of membrane proteins indicated that some surfaces of membrane proteins were hydrophobic.
III. Electron micrographs revealed the appearance of the membrane as two dark bands separated by a light band.

1.Draw and label the fluid mosaic model of a cell’s psufp5ptwk,iy k,4c6d ((zc6 ,9lft yslasma membrane.

2.Distinguish between integral and peripheral proteins.

3.Compare and contrast the structure and function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the plasma membrane.

The table shows the results from a study on the percentage4plpnj;i9pe 4 of cholesterol found in the cell membrane of epithjn 9 4ppliep;4elial skin cells of different animals.

1.Calculate the mean percentage of cholesterol found in the cell membrane across all the animals listed in the table.
mean =__%
2.State one role of cholesterol in the cell membrane.
3.Suggest why arctic foxes have a greater mean percentage of cholesterol in their cell membranes than kangaroos.
4.Estimate, with a reason, the percentage of cholesterol that would be found in the cell membranes of polar bears.
5.Explain why the mass of cholesterol in the cell membranes is calculated as a percentage rather than a whole number.
6.Suggest why the cells studied may contain a higher percentage of cholesterol than shown in the table.
7.1Based on the data provided, suggest which animal in the study exhibits the highest fluidity in its epithelial skin cell membrane.
7.2Explain your answer to part (i).