In which process is pyruvate converted the(fb*r.h-5hna,86yvt v 2nufied / do acetyl CoA?

  Which pair of characteristics are correct descriptions 5edim ( wpn y2xss p3 6a3amy.5;tl*jqof aerobic and anaerobic cellular respim qlw6 y5d5 atp.p3n2s (sax3ejym ;*iration?

  In chemiosmosis, what is the y+c 3 kw k-enc1qbxcgj 9s.pa,dakzk,845 6wename of the enzyme which plays an important role in the diffusion of protons into the matrix yc9. a czac6kep8k5w13j-4 ,sbkxndk,q+e gw of the mitochondrion?

  What happens after the oxidative decarboxylation og/)cauq krn974axp1; dmo p3af pyruvate?

  What are the products of the hydrolysis of cd:r mkd)t - 9ngy4+npATP?

  Which of the following diagrams shows the correct structure of lplvh0f 1 rkws: o f+323lt )(4gxixjlATP?

  Which of the following processes does not rsgp f6 b;x8fbm1bry2 t(v3 q8pequire energy from ATP?

  Which of the following requires ATP as/azy; ve2 gmw,mpj1 pf .mb(o. an immediate source of energy?
I.Transmission of a nerve impulse
II.Osmosis
III.Condensation of a polypeptide

  Which substance is present in the brewing of beer but not found in bread?mwclqc183z 9g6nb*vv yh/e )2b p( pnf

  How many times does phosphoryl h/w76flfoyn1e2qq7 3biw as06 3rzweation happen in glycolysis?

  In respiration which process does not involve the conversion of ADP to ATghi*a9 c.qlrr9rzs 5(P?

  There are four main stages of respirati 34odqohzl;)pon.
Identify the correct row in the table below that is true of these four stages.

There are four stages in cellular reg6tq*dlg1;k6w 9r;m .pp z xrbspiration. Some of these stages take place in the mitochondria. The electron micrograph shows an image of a mitochondrion from a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cew r61dxp9 rqpkm6g;b ;g*tlz .ll.

1.Label the diagram with the letter A to indicate the location of ATP synthase.
2.ATP is the energy carrier that provides an immediate source of energy to the cell. State one more energy carrier in cellular respiration other than ATP.
3.Outline the roles of oxidation reactions in oxidative phosphorylation.
4.Explain what would happen to the cell if cellular respiration was an uncontrolled release of energy from glucose.

  The diagram shows part of the electron trx ;pm7 g4q.dha- iplxon8h94*swpkd*z)3g xjansport chain.

What explains the role of oxygen?

Coleus blumei is an attractive hou 8;2: cv5vlpv9scrg;uomol4 gseplant with red leaves.


1.Determine with a reason whether or not this plant is still able to conduct photosynthesis with red leaves.
2.Red leaves absorb and reflect different coloured light than green leaves. Distinguish between red light and green light in the visible spectrum.
3.Outline how limiting factors affect the rate of photosynthesis.
4.Explain how oxygen produced during photosynthesis can be used during respiration.

  Which of the following processes in1s48gggwo3 +fj ff (kqvolve decarboxylation?
I.Phosphorylation of glucose
II.Oxidation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA
III. Oxidation of an acetate group to reform the four-carbon oxaloacetate

  The Krebs cycle is one of the stages in aerobic cellular respiration. Which ou6z*edrs x8ok -lb3q/ f the following correctly describes the electroszk6/*x3lorbu8-ed qn carriers?

  Which of the following cormfa48uo5dk, v rectly describes photosynthesis or respiration?

  A mitochondrion is shown in the di v)ubm ,;donc4agram. Which letter indicates the site where protons accumulate priouvo; n4,)mbdcr to the formation of ATP?

  The graph shows the changes 1(njx 86.cblsit n ;pwin blood pH levels of an individual before exercise, during exercise and aften wi.lx b6c8j1n(ts;p r exercise.


Which statement may explain the changes in blood pH shown in the graph?

Cell respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in vxo7p eb/0*tkliving organisms.
The electron micrograph shows a longitudinal section of a budding yeast cell.


1.ATP is a readily available source of energy for a cell. The primary substrate for the production of ATP is glucose. State one more possible substrate other than glucose.
2.Identify the part of the yeast cell labelled A in the image.
3.The ability of yeast to produce carbon dioxide is used in the making of food and beverages. Outline the role of carbon dioxide in the making of bread.
4.Discuss which type of respiration is adapted for high-intensity activities such as weightlifting and sprinting.

  Below is a micrograph of mitochondria with four structures or locations - (t i 7ea60g xfy67m(xg zs,cslzh+qalabelled. Which is a correct description of h7sg ,+c hqzl( 0t e6s6x7gaxmiyfza -(ow one of these structures is adapted to its function?

Oxidative phosphorylation, which g:dnif e-j qncop0g*(:e i,v.ienerates ATP for the cell, is comprised of the electroop:gqn, fdevc0je:*( ni-ii.n transport chain and chemiosmosis.
1.Distinguish between the electron transport chain in aerobic cellular respiration and the electron transport chain in photosynthesis.
2.Outline how ATP can be recycled after being used by the cell.
3.Explain how 38 molecules of ATP can be produced from one glucose molecule in a cell.

  Human mesenchymal stem rotl cid. avv20/ y99jo5sse6cells (MSCs) are found in a variety of tissues, such as the bone marrow and adipose tissue. Due to their multipoteesd/ l5vv.jt 9oaoy69c0i 2rs ncy, MCSs can differentiate into a number of different types of cell.
Recent studies have suggested that changes in metabolism are vitally important during the process of cell differentiation. In one such study, scientists investigated the changes which occur to the mitochondria in MSCs during the process of differentiation into adipogenic cells, which are cells of the adipose tissue, an important energy storage site in the body.
To begin the investigation, scientists had to stimulate the differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic cells. Differentiation of MSCs was confirmed with the use of both Oil Red O staining and RT-PCR, which demonstrated the relative expression of adiponectin mRNA, which is a key indicator of adipogenic differentiation.


1. 1.Calculate how many times greater the expression of adiponectin is in adipogenic cells after 21 days, compared to 7 days.  
2.Predict the relative expression of adiponectin mRNA after 14 days. `  

In their next experiment, scientists stained mitochondria in undifferentiated MSCs and differentiated adipogenic cells after 7 days, using MitoTracker Green stains, and then using flow cytometry, recorded fluorescence as a measure of mitochondrial mass.

2. 1.Suggest why there is an increase in mitochondrial mass in adipogenic cells after 7 days compared to MSCs.
2.Calculate, as a percentage, the increase in mean fluorescent intensity in adipogenic cells after 7 days compared to MSCs.  %

In their penultimate experiment, scientists measured the TOM20 protein levels of the outer mitochondrial membrane.


3.Compare and contrast the results obtained from the measurement of mitochondrial mass using flow cytometry and protein levels.

In their final experiment, scientists measured the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and lactate production in both MSCs and adipogenic cells.

4. 1.Outline the effect of differentiation on the rate of oxygen consumption and lactate production.
2.Suggest a reason for the change in oxygen consumption rate in adipogenic cells from day 1 to 7.
3.Explain, with reference to respiration, the change in lactate production in adipogenic cells.
5.Explain how the results obtained from these experiments on mitochondria can be used to understand metabolic changes during differentiation.
6.Using all the data provided, evaluate the hypothesis that the rate of respiration increases during cell differentiation

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are essential to alirmfse*-.a5d l living organisms.
1.Distinguish between ATP and DNA.
2.Discuss model-making as an approach used in the discovery of the structure of DNA and the importance of this discovery.
3.DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. Describe the structure of DNA.

  Students were investigating metabolic reactions in the classroom au;qjj dl20 7m2ql0escnd were given an experiment which demonstrated the effect of temperature on a catabolic reactiol 2elqjq s20ucj7 0md;n.
A sample of fat was added to a beaker, which contained 150ml of a 1% sodium chloride solution.



The beaker and its contents were then added to a water bath, which was set at 15
o
C. The beaker was given 5 minutes to equalise with the temperature of the water bath. After 5 minutes,5 ml of a 2% lipase solution, at the same temperature as the water bath, was added to the beaker.


5 ml of 2 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), pH 8.4, was added to a test tube and phenolphthalein, a colourless solution which turns pink in basic environments, was then added. The intensity of the pink colour is proportionate to the strength of the basic solution.
At exactly 20 minutes, a 5ml sample was taken from the beaker incubated in the water bath and added to the test tube.


The contents of the test tube were then immediately transferred into a cuvette and placed in a spectrophotometer set at 420 nm. The percentage transmission of light able to pass through the sample was measured and recorded.


The procedure was then repeated using water baths set at a range of different temperatures. The measurements were recorded in a table and presented in a graph.



1. 1.State the independent variable in this experiment.
2.Identify two factors, not already mentioned, that would need to be controlled in this experiment.
2. 1.Explain how the spectrophotometer is able to measure the breakdown of fat.
2.Explain the effect of increasing the temperature from 15
o
C to 35
o
C on the rate of the catabolic reaction.
3.Predict the percentage transmission for a sample incubated at 20
o
C.  %
4.Evaluate the claim that based on the data, the optimum temperature for lipase activity is 35
o
C.

  The graph shows the amount of oxygen inside a chamber containing yeast ci3r ony agonfg2n 4371ells and substrates as measured by an oxygen sensor. The experimental investigation compared the rate of oxygen consumption during aerobic respiration by the yeast cells using three different4no2fn 3r7o y gni1ag3 substrates: sucrose, fructose and glucose.


What can be concluded from the graph?

Cancer studies have shown that many tumours have abnormal patterns of aerobifihi7z )w98y qc respiration, showing increased levels of glycolysis and lower levels of oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of high oxygen levels. A breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) shows variable protein expression 7wifqih )9 yz8of complex III in the electron transport chain compared to normal breast tissue.



1.State the independent variable in this study.
2.Outline the role of the complexes in the electron transport chain.
3.Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of breast cancer cells using glycolysis to generate ATP rather than oxidative phosphorylation.
4.Predict, with a reason, what would happen to the levels of oxidative phosphorylation in the non-cancerous cells if they were treated with an inhibitor of glycolysis.
5.Explain why non-cancerous breast cancer cells were used as a control in this study.
6.The researchers concluded that downregulation of complex III in breast cancer cells is a cause of breast cancer. Evaluate this conclusion.
7.Outline one measurement that could be taken to determine the activity of Complex III in this study.

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the c2 t(ie (v) i /uhcra/i.oa4bcwell because they produce a high yield of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through cell respiration. Large numbers of mitochondria can be found in muscl .4ib a/ hrcui(e 2o(wi)at/vce cells.
1.Distinguish between anaerobic respiration in muscle and yeast cells.
2.Outline the role of ATP in cells.
3.Explain how the rate of cellular respiration can be measured.

  The graph below shows the changes in tnqg08)z6pb vmz kv3 7ve czx((he levels of lactate on the skin of athletes during pre-training (rest), training, v(8vb6p7c)x3(0vzgez nk qm zand recovery.

Based on the graph, which is true?

  Which statement(s) are correct in explain4 e8(gs ybn s/wh)/cading why lipids are used as a long-term energy store inst84w //ys ach)(d ensgbead of carbohydrates?

I.Lipids contain more energy per gramme than carbohydrates
II.Lipids are insoluble, whereas carbohydrates are not
III.Lipids contain less oxygen than carbohydrates

  A respirometer is a device that caxr)/ 3auff0r/lh dl3 zn be used to measure the respiration rate of gh/l /dfrlfu3r 3a)zx0 erminating seeds.


In the experimental set-up shown above, how is the rate of oxygen uptake measured?