Which of the following does 2 cht gi40yj+jnot cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blovqwa49j. o: h 1gja:zhod is mainly composed of water and transports water-soluble substancq4j.ga hvz j9:1:oa whes to different parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature ofgy c3n / o24ltuq-pu,o phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugef q i2 :vi.2l6uu5omgar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of bloo ) qfk+b7xwgid hn1n7;d in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowering plant wh xm1o5 -fbc2yuich is often used as a model for the study of seedxoc1u 5b2 y-fm anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the structure and funb/x 7j*(i0 rokzhk*ev kt.ut6 ction of diffikb tozu*76*x( 0j/kr ektv.herent blood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through ad7w02eje0vw xo3e.g:n e1vxq leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart i u1 3ar/k7npr 3ai.rwyjyt3s,s involved in controlling the frequency at which it beatswk3, n rs uy1ir.aarp7/yt3 3j?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to measure water uptake in pldnj0tfx253dl +da ptnh)c :d4namp5.ants. 4nmc. tj5 5dd nla2fhp0+axt)d:p dn3

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) is/are tru/x g jk tw+10c3ywj4vqe?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out of thhrt(f 5wwulov + o1;(le hear +u;wt(lvo1rl5ohf(wt?

  The diagram below shows the structure of. fdny6pd o8g6g-hd m 2qq:1sq the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped into the pulm pokdwxao )6tfcg ;8)8.epu.tonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the(zi 2 ja7vf)mf heart?

  The cohesive and adh kx xm4qzxfi09s-.q d0esive properties of water allow xylem vessels to transport water insid 0 ksxfmqix4x9zd0q- .e plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass through du20c-0 oayd09zedj /gsf7h agl ring phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of arterydi4(bo:7dun fka, .vd occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A sid. f4, bo n(idkvu:7dangle hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the czd , 5 xh4n); js479t)wxhkvf q.ypfvfvh1,bgirculatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of auuk 6 6ct5dw3t ,5xl6b-v wwbe heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below iz kqdlk;x1h)r4mdxf7 lw5: f2s an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the monocot Zedmdl75 ql) wkh4k;fxfr z12:x a mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of ):b/drssg9v 8ayk:nn the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of ogbyy d3xf7)*wxf -g2dbj2i1 the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in les3n3 -,fvfmff aves have on other parts of a plann3fs-3f ,ffvmt?

  What is the position y6nr.y*u+9z y ndz9p0sf4 vmuof the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the point in the v9p.z0umn rsy fz+4*n y y9ud6cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into th66u0q -o5jgh.bzck zoe sieve tube unaided, before being transported ar-6.h6ozqgu0c k jbo5zound the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vjl g38 j r(2lfn r 5r)pqsd7qshq0,xj.essels in a developing shoot taken at 400× magnificg 7rslnqs j qr(r) 2j8pjfd h,ql5x30.ation.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes8y(bn4 a)ig ug the pressure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmospheric pressure n4yiggb8 au()?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed k.r;xjljhjqgi 9jh,0hu8 8 f1by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and csw4 ,u:uz b-4tno+b: hcb4gsmonsequences associated with plaque buildup in the coronary arteriebn-wuz:s,b4 ug44obh+ cms t :s.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have the highejj, m 64xt2h7ekyry3u st lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used radioa 3+s ,(gvcumjjctively labelled ca,g 3ucj(vj+ms rbon dioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and the root of a plaz quv f4tq l vstw-p 4t5ouk46,1mh6:xnt.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the so 4st9eg:gu)is.s e2n zlute concentration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tubes ne z):.92u4ssgt igneesar the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changeqbp(.nu swxg 87j)a4c s in pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and the4qws a(pnu.8gx7 b)cj aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies featurvvxdj d*90c ;zv/)u kges of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its styletc.0ead (a p*it. guqq0 inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study transport0 0(.d .*icgapqeu aqt in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.