Which of the following does no8, n.og d,zfhuzd 6y0yt cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and tran 2mo:al4s,s kwj;t8 ikxnp6*csports water-soluble substances to diff:op csknmakxwt*s;2i8 ,4l j6 erent parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature ofy2/p *z/6d j2dalnho xhtp95f62o ecy phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correctsv .whlcs(uq+q. *2rf for sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood im;id:b uj0db9 n a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowering plant which is often used as- f3bmu6g pb( x0uzo0h(w )lvb a modevu6 m)bhwz3 f bpb0((olx0-u gl for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the stbtz/d 4 ka, ml98;brj+erql )zructure and function of different bloo z8 zl+akjq)b emr,/lbd r4t;9d vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse secn17(wes rt8 jcvmm12a tion through a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in con4; bczz1rzb0it *7k hbtrolling the frequency at which it beats cbzb ;0z4h1 k*btriz7?

  The diagram below shows a potometer whi rj,mi iewc,u c9:75qzch is used to measure water uptake in pla 7:zj, ,9rcqei ci5uwmnts.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the followin4 zu :9/akraztg statement(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow ium 14my)nz 2w q, pq4hmla(n9unto and out of the heaqu ml1apm)92 4z(4h ,un wmnqyrt?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human heart 6oh nv.b*rq/h.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped into the pu)aw03y;k:p (oshs rq rlmonary artery?

  Which of the following carrif 8 ngl/e5an 6;7befmees oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive prop0.d74yfo,ro-zn5 d(gupjdy p vv pg**erties of water allow xylem vessels to transport water inside pl(o pg5ydv* ,y 7z ngd*pdpf0vo u.r-4jants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass throug 8 sl(g.u2vhzn468,tmoof eknh during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion on blood pressure, sdzo )g4ho:a 7xju+n3ttudents set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream trzox+:ntu374d)a o hgjavelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory sysqd1 ek:o45rc ctem of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows tdfcu5-4:u dpr he structure of a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an e um c6of8 ep dalo5w.b 0h6t,g5v80xeplectron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the mop6ox0et5fb80a5epcou wd.g8,h6m v l nocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows jzcsky*nm:g 2byi ,):the structure of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stemut4lbdokb o l6r-2-j: of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in leaves haveey7y9 2 f)kejl on other parts of a plaj7)lk 92yf eeynt?

  What is the position of thei09p uxgf c f1 .n+2uyjolko1:9je4t o atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the point in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left g9okjio 42 .tfuoyx: c9p1fel 01+un jventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the sieve /dl kjdjgf4m8s :ggljm1*c7 9 tube unaided, before beingkjgl4 d9*:j jg ms871/fcldgm transported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the dj,whk3 x9cl9wbb 60dzev w i.s9 +fn-xylem vessels in a developing shoot taken at 400× magnificaticb9elh6.9d3bx, d sk w n zjw0w+v-9fion.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the press: vdva j+0q(tdp8p 1qyure inside xylem vessels to be lower than a:0y8vqp+ qjt(ad1d pvtmospheric pressure?

  How are most mineral io-kfpf9y3k +-v (utdx ans in the soil absorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated w ivt8m ul,*/pok 8k/qcmy9os/g ,8 dnnith plaque buildup in the coronary arteriemmno/88ns tlyc/kudv 8goq/ k*p, i ,9s.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is l bob488by qgdsk6)w r6ikely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used radioactiv;fy,34zhvjev03cvia t6ut c.ely labelled carbon di ;t60a3yi,3v.vzhcf tue v j4coxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and tc-8 t(ylnxjd.s ;l7pqhe root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concenw-e g961 ihmqigl01yc tration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tubes near the leaves and c -1lqim9gig6y0e1h wroots?

  The image below represents the changes i6vo z;ck ;spf(n pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and the aorkfvz o;c; (6psta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the tab q2 .fuqb e xuk bp*nso u/a*eup0un;h2.h8+f*le correctly identifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet inserted into a plant. A v:kxv-3vqdhm/t7l1h phids have been used to study transport in plant-qv3lvh m/x71thvk :d s.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.