Which of the following does not cause co 8lh t8sfqr;(0tp(agsuw /(eg ronary heart disease?

  Which component of blo usl4b+6u d4dtu;:gkbod is mainly composed of water and transports water-soluble substances t;kl4u ds:btdgb4 6+u uo different parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a uqlub( f43,mg .d+ xaufeature of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is corre,)7lt-kumpd mh* oqg1;0msfa ct for sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow ofnq 7dh9,vvb m1 blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below,mt:g bkf+y (rx x:o(l b2oe;/z- ky6;jxpnjn; is a species of flowering plant which is often used as a model for the study of seed anatomy.r;:;/kxon6(:(gxk p ef-yn y t;2ojz j lb+mbx


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below nj64)egn3nl224 fy xgu n la4xis not correct for the structure and function of different bloa2x3neglnj gyn )u 44 nl6fx24od vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through a ls 1nn ) 1brsxw(wwo/.leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is invdnh bx u8 u9 yp5kt;t9b+ ma4.l9)tncxolved in controlling the frequency at which it bmn alt 9)5b;+ ttu8huxp9bkd94xnc. yeats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to measure water uptak puh --hgymwe+u(o/q 0j1lsc;e in plants.-+h-jswuempy;g qc( 1 / 0hluo

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) is/arlsr:dgfpb0/ ( bkx30i7 geir1e true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out of the hek3au4u 2vr;i,p(u galaru3,lk(vi42 puga ura ;t?

  The diagram below shows the structure of mxiw) q+wdg01amz,9 g the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped iwyvn7.(dh*9dg)6afn q4o 7bc( zcw f hnto the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated bloa*jbpx +f0i)sj /aro.od from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow xylem vessel:6-z ufs;x5rj y4iw y2 19qk d7ve6ytkk d(tups to transport water insidef6 rujw tt459zy:2y (s 6kq dy-kud;1ekpi7xv plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pa;c 2 o+tfvwy;yjvoj9:ss through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects *k j2-n5v:3qk mo,x z uqlk)oxof artery occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and thexjq 3m,* k z)k:qul-xvon o25k end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory system ohnq ma6i4lit,wlh / ,-f a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the stru: 7a-7eb(voce:g9l3ing ,c pohi nqo7 cture of a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph bqm(ascnd7g5p6m*eg t 4zz2 ;o1 yo-kjelow is an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the mo2cm*gpt7a qe5zz;k( y6 m4oo gjd1- snnocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human heak h:jcall3/n98 d ru2b5k 7cldrt.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the 0v7p xdgrq*3flfzlb/33 q0i rmonocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in leaves have yrdu,8 fa+ nm 6vm.p-,9vvjy cz bw;ozgkq37(on other parts of a pla7,m(cp8 g9mvq ,-bd jvay3znrfz ;+ vk.uoy6wnt?

  What is the position of the atriovecst4 ,onese:c 8c1b(hea *uqpk 2 r5+gntricular and semilunar valves at the point in the cardiac cycle at w cck cte+rn eo:a(25s4h8 * 1psgbq,uehich the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrosq)i-;-yih)u,arwj6 ;brr0 bdgke 5wye being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, before being trans;,aeu;ig k6w- y r)ib )h bw0r5qr-yjdported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a developing s x-e: /.j kv.dzk0rivknp3x )ahoot taken at 400× magnificationxp d-xzv3/ a)ikv k.:rjk0 n.e.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylem vessels to h4 r0ydc d-n7iy-kkq3:4gu hf be lower thaq-ri40hc gh7 y3 d:kyunfd-k4n atmospheric pressure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbe zm.y.2q,rqhdn .a1lh /dk.6;ftnzped by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque* wwhb3kcw 7lc b5 u6pjy8 ,1jo:ko1ol buildup in the coronary ar7*kj53 pwclb k 8c6: ,ojuohwy1lb1wo teries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have the highest lignin conppjtv 4*n n ccr08uld;29g+gutent?

  The graph shows the results of an exmqaezl o+3*,agx5u*z periment which used radioactively labelled carbon a q3 zlg+5xaz*,emuo*dioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the1 , e7otbh2rg 9ia0lubtay 97z phloem found in the stem and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents5t uds- h-bg-d:nq5fv the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tubes near the leaves ands-5d : d-tq vg5-bhnuf roots?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in the left amzbt-e 6ojrw 4 16le b+i,7pkztrium, left ventricle andj wkemr+i ,bzbo6z7-ep1t l46 the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies features of sieve wulv,z+epuk;y,9a4b1z rz+k9 awu u (tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet inserted i. .6nqkelcjc5 l8om9 txhw*8ynto a plant. Aphids have been used to study transport in pny5..wl89clx 6mqeh k*cot 8jlants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.