Which of the following does not cause coronary heart diseu g6nko*4el s/ase?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and transpk. zr pgh5+4yr -b1 z2lcrzv)n+nf9v qorts water-soluble substances to different partsk92zch.n-glbvfz vzy )rq1r5r4+n+p of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a featur ulwd idz3)o-9skwif0m )8)znrb 1 r2pe of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar transpz w g+5y*)vwfg :5kk zjj8wy)nort in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood in a v w bka p6wvb8xm9yh.0+ein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, oud9g)s4 jt2rl)3rhyis a species of flowering plant which is often used as a model for the study of seehjy4)) g u dro9sr3tl2d anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the structure and function oveh:dkdkklkz 4d)1 ;1 f different b v kl:1zh)k;kk41 ddedlood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section throutzee5v3 9 xxy*)5 f-mt8 qpbqogh a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling the frequency at whiin/m/7.cn -ntq,y v0ac a+nhdch it beatanq nic/tv/+na.-, my c0 7ndhs?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is usejl ,jwpd5e1w ,d to measure water uptake in plantswlj,dp5 e,j w1.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following state( .fbc1+jsyun ment(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following showslab8i+ rsn/y ( the direction of blood flow into and out of the hearti/(8ysblr +a n?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human l+9x+cmp x.k fj dqh7-heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber oe, e*ylkmn2tz.rq85of the heart is blood pumped into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated bloo5wz3kzpq+r u3 d from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive propert(z(+i2kwa ejfp0jia1ies of water allow xylem vessels to transport water inside ej(wi1jaf+piz20k (a plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does suc76fkt 52giz,he3 psn8crh i8p n7 otk,rose pass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery o3a 58nushy,hrf gw/+ 5 ezexu1cclusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the a+hzfree5xu, 3 1 ysuwgn h8/5electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory system of a fis*y5xvt* an sd6h.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure ktdp0/.u3 .8;. a v2cdt yyz.tm zu rl3oirh6cof a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an ele swm 9c4h,9leactron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the mon4 m9 s,ealhcw9ocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the struct8uz9. s rkut)jure of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron mi8 n .d ap12loa5xl1q:jt93*qywa+j)esfum grcrograph of the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in le8rk7oi hn1 y yt/+zn3saves have on other parts of a planhi y1ysr +37/ onntz8kt?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the p yph7psc6p)-y oint in the cardiac -hsy 6py7pc)pcycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the sies3+-caoihscc 7 5 aprw er)7n-ve tube unaided, before being tr w5ae cp)asc+-sro-7h3r i7nc ansported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a developing shoot taken at 40qpug b,bnu 2+/0× magn/2ngq bu, ub+pification.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes c pz2b /.sc1zcthe pressure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmospheric pc 1cz 2csz./pbressure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by rootcx 4cx0lg 5 lnwo/x3z)s?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequencandie ( v/ u)y +a18)erak70 a48tttzvgdwzi2es associated with plaque buildup in the coronary arr2 avz8v e k)eay()t8i gnu/0dza+d4 w1att7iteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely tdmr,0 moc6,xmie5nw4 o have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment (f b dp,//iufuwhich used radioactively labelled carbon dioxidbd(/ffu/ ,ipu e (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and ,io9 sqxww 3sl.tasly: .j;; athe root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute co(ge3neocqgqo2l t9-r x(/: oencentration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tubesqlxet-/(oor q o9ceg2(e gn3: near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in the left atrium, left vek17v4rjjnqf0gbt/7 *o l un6entricfnqev1gr*7kou0j l 6tn7 jb /4le and the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctld/d a 0pnbc: ,ie3nyw18hpx. iy identifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet in gixq5za7s b28p 9nuh:serted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study transpons b52zhi89 gqxp7au:rt in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.