Which of the following does not cause coronary tzor9wdlq3wx ;i*6 l ;p31e0lu-ayzc heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and tr cs0 r3pxzvl( gh7ih26xxo 7*tansports water-soluble substances to different parts oxoz6hs v 37* (pgt ic0rxhxl27f the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature of e v bw*0. 9yhd1(byibmvc;lpuo6 81iophloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correce2 f: ev,eqf2ct for sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood in a :d( 5 akc3czar/4dm frvein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowering pla ouk4 ;zzdgw7+ 0a73a-a chomnnt which is often used as a model for u z7g-k oz70 cwha+ma4d aon3;the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the structure and function ofrl hwxmla7 sa7kko0 trq4z8b.e 7z5.9 different br tehb97 zl 7r.qmkx7.5lo4s0akwa8zlood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through a le 0 yz9vg x,z,n7pgspl,af.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling 99zdg7uk g e*i8w9itithe frequency at which it beatiz9t99wg7ekdi u g8*is?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to m5v l oe9b6e5ml5c y3lreasure water uptake in plantb ml5l5voce 9 3r5lye6s.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statem,htm;sb p egm .i83q.fklw3 (nent(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out o g/e/3 d zn1.wnezuwz4wm3wg .f the hearnzg z.413wwe dze.//w3guwmn t?

  The diagram below showtq xa;1;ji+; pa*(i /p/abey ;vpgd,vvo kz8 os the structure of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumpe3l7u30rzjn he d into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from t/,cqi/mhd5 kc n(d o)the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of waynhgo jbnpjwr:)fpb 11/ x61 .ter allow xylem vessels to transport water inside plannfn 1phjjyg1) pxw61ob .rb /:ts.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sf.i35a4l bpqu ucrose pass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion on blood pressunh1-.s6 hgyby )krbe: re, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electricg. e:61 s )nkrbyy-bhh pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory9xn.z+;ww a 4ifo, vbq system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a heiluk m)7o(zl0art.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph belowvt1u71 )jpty3quw) e y is an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the monocot Zea maysv1y17)wjqet3ytu pu ).

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the h0q-; u*qmdm0;lnen ym uman heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micral5. n1 pxpyi/ p3(vseograph of the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporatio 6plgdnqd*h)xwa07z ;n of water in leaves have on other parts of a plant?*6h7lqdw)x 0pdgzn ;a

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunari4svkhk*:w um1sq/1n;iz.p8w-a c -;vj lbvs valves at the point in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the ;mb 1qvs;au:w s1lcs k8k.n*/ jvizw-hip4v-greatest?

  The diagram shows sucroseclky2q4(fyuxp u1 1 9z being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, before being transporuy12 4x1ypq zl fu(9ckted around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vesselan /s:x,sjz+vs in a developing shoot taken at 400× magnificz xsv,+:njs/aation.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressu:8 pb e;b.n*jvttoru .re inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmospheric pressujb*b .8 ;vp.:utreontre?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by rf:k mfqn4d.fj2p9i y 6oots?

1.Outline the risk factors and congzg+au*6d q u cw*nuwz/ .nhi8j1t59dsequences associated with plaque buildup in the coronu/acgdn.95zw z18 wu juq 6ti +*hgn*dary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have the highest lignin conteq 017y7tyl csunt?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used h;la9g (gpig*cf3s (ndn.m7a4ax ku; radioactively labelled carb.iugf(p9 (na 4 3ac;mg*xl;a7gsk dnhon dioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and :bziu htuh,i9 5dwl3f(ylc2) y s-8swthe root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration and hydrostatic pmcm9: p44u2xjzeu +s mressure within the sieve tubes neareu4 4mxujcps:2mz9m + the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in p9 /ct,(2zp jdfjqwvki qb*3e;ressure in the left atrium, left ventrip i3e(kqbjq* ,d2;/f9t cjw zvcle and the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifiesqjp/ lw* o9,be features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with zh22 y3ctl4q hits stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study transport in322 hhctlqzy4 plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.