Which of the following does not cause corona0n847at2e8k-t)dn jbp eegrkry heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of wamtrz860;jsb gh nfxk5uj;l .1*ao; w lter and transports water-soluble substances to differen1w*0 b os;f jt.l5nzkxh6lma ;r8ugj;t parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature of phloem? 5 8znjwmkf7:l
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct28f kko:4teuu u;pnb* for sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of bloz6gvxkuev: )au /+ p-lod in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowering plant whichde 0 6w,bm q,wwhim2*e is often used as a model for the stm6qb, 2 we*hwew0d m,iudy of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not chcy/p) 0yx sq7 k 7*9 cg 5cvekef-19jza)kipzorrect for the structure and function of different blood ve p)ey)7j9 y ge-vcs0ci1chz *kq /xa97zfk5kp ssels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section th6z 8dn5g ucqc:rough a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling th --b ut8y rtddzh,v79ve frequency at which it beatvubd hy-9t tv87-zd,rs?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is27 0e hf/adjasc43w6ro8p8alpwv gw/ used to measure water uptake in plantsfor88a/7lvw caea 3s2p 0gp d/ 4hww6j.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) is:;s 4mc9kq 5 jagts81urx nl3r/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blowd kjjz9 )jof ;wch ppf)/3vle+u9(e ,od flow into and out of the heart?w)/j(;dkp l )foh9jc efe,9z+pvj 3wu

  The diagram below shows the struy/3d e i.a)nguqa6t,acture of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped inicgdg c1-.nuf* n2fnd 5i2 sr:3g io1ito the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood fro 9wzflc,z zl2ktp2b .0m the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive propertm g9d 0t(artb1ies of water allow xylem vessels to transport water insided0g(bt1rt am9 plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass through during phloem loading?.mu9 cw )e+yrq
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occl1n0d3*5h co kynroq kl)pva8h 3fom b) 0ug/o3usion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measur/arno 050*pok31m ylnufo b hqd38)k3gv)hc oed the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below reprez- 3+zlfbuwj. tsu ca jj3f4;0sents the circulatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a hearfi:/5 k5yntm nt.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an electron micrograph ofv6f9 cw:k08z+q0gy1 w vy f3ls;njrc y a cross-section of a stem of cqlfwcwnsjv0r+ 9g;8 v31f zk0 y: yy6the monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows q 2ws *mrbbsj+w+qd :4the structure of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron microgrih 2i8p v 3rd.hfy,0:ae qcu)uaph of the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of wa4y )ns4qly 5*ewqw*t zter in leaves have on other parts of a plant? qs5l tz)yw*eqn4*w4 y

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar v7d xr05* tzgisalves at the point in the cardiac cg ti7 zsx*5r0dycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into t2uy-d :w eu x+v3ct6xthe sieve tube unaided, before being transported aro3w2uvttx uy6e-+dxc : und the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a developing shoot taken at 4ea5 eh xy4dmv (7fi9h3k em9.p00× magnificationeihx(m9dk9f4 ah 3 vpmy.e5e7.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pr0/p9 rbehb n6tessure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmospheric pressu b6p9ebthr/ n0re?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil abso.*ab1 vpl*mq(feu w:o rbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque b/h03af0yq f lp5zipa/ uildup in the coronapzi0/3 ql h0ay /f5pfary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the followinqx3(8:a 7d z-zh2px rem4bsqpg is likely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used radioactively l 91a/dq aoyqizx-em n:ds/ 8g+abelled carbon dioxide/d9mndo 8/:ge sxq+z 1ay-qia (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem fy wjkjvuo -5c0w l)kkh) b;.)vound in the stem and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute conceb0ee8,pjec jv3 (rwg8ntration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tubes ne83vee jr0ce 8wpb(jg, ar the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents tht * ifb14 mfx4ta;x/rse changes in pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and1sf4bf a m;trx*ix /t4 the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies featurum hlk6m qqdd ,v./92aes of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet ins1ikn.u+z6m egerted into a plant. Aphids have been used6knz. gimu +e1 to study transport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.