Which of the following does 8 ue3ou0l1sqdnot cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainlysb-rvmhivz ./x: 3hd- composed of water and transports water-soluble substances to different -zxdmr:hvsi 3 .-v /bhparts of the body?

  Which of the following is/ar d;ba*cx7d8 she a feature of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct f:zpz61py h(* xx8hb)evukvz1or sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the bzauwz1a9 :d jn8sim/o r-tz 9/ackflow of blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowerij)zavy o6pp1 4ng plant which is often used as a moj p)ap4yv16zo del for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is z85.osgdq c4:u+dx01 bgxp blnot correct for the structure and function of different blood vessel8qzb 5go dlg:04+sb1u.dxcxp s?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through an14/(a;-y uqu x xhllu leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling thel h:a* p-9axuz 3jepi1 frequency at which it beat -azh: up 391xajep*ils?

  The diagram below shows a potometer x8 j:zc;3n4pp,ace udezy9 1 qwhich is used to measure water uptake in plants.;jczdp,ezp 8q43y1e :uanx 9c

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statemlzg:oz19ig /gyl t-z0ent(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the directm2e1.kn e vys3zv;ixj1n ;i l-ion of blood flow into and out of the heartzv1mjv;;il2 1ni3n yex.eks - ?

  The diagram below shows the structure of t83aj2i0; /icqphwtft ;kur*ghe human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumpvbq*l i)2hm 3med into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from th i-6:nhq sgaj0e lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allojtvla04f)x b2w xylem vessels to transport water inside pljfvt 2a)x40bl ants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass thq f d;qoc6xxzm74ip/*rough during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion xx/lwn e,*y1gy0a3 -iw 6snci)rd:bt on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, represenn wyb,itaxnd3x 1 / yr*w6sel-c :0g)iting an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circuxc(vbu /wt, 5ilatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a*v4 xpm gt/tiqvi*er652 0 phi heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an electron micrograph of a cro(-r (p - yp v6lzz31dq0u.bjev(dhhns ss-section of a stem of the monocot Zeaeuq .r6s1jphl03h(vpnvy(zzdb -d-( mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the huc6g 7+peo7(gt.:sowc adio; iman heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the mou5 g qr7(6 801uncxlljfsq7 wfif*l 3cnocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporqzy3u1i7fii+ar0gl 6ation of water in leaves have on other parts of a plant?ui gai10li z+rfq 763y

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valvjk*q 8:pofmb +es at the point in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventriclkbf q*8m j+:ope is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose beins,x d craa1h1:g passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, before being transported ad1s1rhc:,x aa round the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a deym7fey//gsi;cts7 y *veloping shoot taken at 400× magnit y ims/fegycs/* ;77yfication.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylem vessels to be l6q1lg3 gjajb,cgey/( m e,s.zower than atmos /l j6cbqjzgm3e1,g(g es,a. ypheric pressure?

  How are most mineral:g6btmk xxcpyr ,:44 m ions in the soil absorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associa) b9sl;;mkh6; nevo aated with plaque buildup in the coronarsk me 9; b)oh;an;6avly arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to h b,d2tg-y1afvy(6s nuave the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used radioact-e q brow7,nr9ively labelled carb,7wr b n9eqr-oon dioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and the root of .dugs ea; 15i3ova+j da plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration and hydrostati7 -k 77yjcix wl9zrlt)c pressure within the sieve tubes near the tx7jywrli-l)z97c7k leaves and roots?

  The image below repres0clvnmg7lf x -*i1lr 4ents the changes in pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and themrl*gil40 n cv1lxf-7 aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table c*pu;yw v 5c l;b)dmi-rorrectly identifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet inserted c91;etpfo0 phinto a plant. Aphids have been used to study ; hcf0pepo1t9transport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.