Which of the following does not +jdr9s 8v 5tpbcause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water gprh3g8 ev +(xvdz/p *i *vt3pand transports water-soluble substances to diffpvd 3p p*vt( g+ 3ehxiv*z/8rgerent parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a featu36w pb7cr tmy,re of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar transport in p m84h :kkv;3g hq2rhbuwx:n -khloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood in a veire 3) vmnysu9+n?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowerin18db fsr( 3x2xnrh3m4qj m7er g plant which is often used as ar3md(x4js qem rx rn2f 8h7b31 model for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the stk/*8l: p4,7 ;kfpdwamb aanuf ructure and function of different k; a pwn84ma kd,/:afl *bfpu7blood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section thro2qldc9 +w, g r7;rjaqmugh a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling the frequency at which ixg rz3/,r xn/nt bexgx n3/nr/r z,ats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to measure water uptake in2ilke6qk j m 0b1u/j*mtn2r5a plantsl/ 0ju*1 tinqm22rka k6m5ejb.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statem qejh:( (bvo/lent(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out of *6v k;yedqp s(jk )s,fthe heart;y spf*)(kdvs6,kqej?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human hea1i9. :y61t gqrc7m rsvx,bdq m;g xap,rt.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped into the pulmonanc:; t2p*s4zu w+b hplry artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to * g1;f8vet+rxkgkdu2 the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow x 0m+)uwjs dggirok nm9tbp/kf /,+g 11ylem vessels to transport waobw1/ ,9fkj+t0r s+uggmgdkn1) m/ piter inside plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass through duringw6un- rcp-:zu phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occtqyrd)2 n y:)m, 51ab+atu )voknd9w l*fma/h lusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Studelhvfa a2tddb59)):u y/ +t m*mok,qr )w1nanynts measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represen4n;f28 nee7diuzpk)smj5 6 dfp1a zc(ts the circulatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a heartu0qf . bz ovvk36vj9v2.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph beloi7i) /k-w*(owtcxdfk)kq *d- zxnh x*w is an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the monocot Zea t ik*xxwfk)h(i) nowz/*-7-dxqdc*k mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human heart.g k) (;6zwnqxewq. 1pa:0yjyu


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is a:w mbdr7i)a 7en electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation :3g3vg7 v-qn0kqgbh n7 .cff0ou kl2tof water in leaves have on other parts of a plagn3 qn. vf27huq0o0gbc7k:f3 gklt-v nt?

  What is the position of the atrioventriculmv wt7:d.l+ gxtf8n6 iar and semilunar valves at the point in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the leftt7nixt fgv:w6.lmd8 + ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the si s5l; omon,3 ,m-t0wk kxdhld/eve tube unaided, before being transported around the p wl5,;m0k o,l3tn/ddh-sokxmlant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the-rcx nm6d8y+ z xylem vessels in a developing shoot taken at 400× magnc- mr8dxyn+z 6ification.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that ca s36jky6j-f jiuses the pressure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmosph-jfj3k6is jy 6eric pressure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by rootwwa h0cc 3) sloe1-w,fs?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque buildu.+wiv*zbr.9ir+sga b p in the coronary arterieziw rv+.i*b .+bsgar9s.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following *-r6ka:axp gtis likely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the resu6k *mi0. er+bqly1rgd r+v ;jqlts of an experiment which used radioactively labelled carbon dio rej+qmdiyrl *6; k0gbv.1+rq xide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem ays7q 7sk) 3+ecwr)cdmap2+g/cacxc . nd the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration and hydr.pu.+ ke9k (lnob-yx6up w;jf*1 f vdlostatic pressure within the- +nwj yk6fef *; b1x.op9.vkl(ldupu sieve tubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in the left 6:;b7qj:mco ko,6bj fd s*b2p.mas6mm -zuz ratrium, left ventricle andmmb.kmsdb za:*6u:6z c; o, 7b2 -qsmofjrpj6 the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table corx8 h7faxzc 7k*rectly identifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet insy1fqvc.byhok )2e )l(j5 dv8v erted into a plant. Aphids have been useqd5f)8 obe2v hv1ykj.)lcy(v d to study transport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.