Which of the followinx5vx2 y h1ds. azkn7z1g does not cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water akosd9( wrauk2 5g:wdq54csx2 nd transports water-soluble substances to krs 5d2(g59xwcaso2wu:kq d 4different parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature of peb;:k k3pcl)x hloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar0f0dr2gg sc1ic/g(ew transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood in a v9f e)z l(b/anlhso 7+1xj +0akbcbx(mein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, isva; (2(vom m(in/godf a species of flowering plant which is often used as a m mamfv((gvd(i/; ono2 odel for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the structure and func.yb4btwh tn-g :y4- gbtion of difb- 4yy:.gb hw-ntgtb 4ferent blood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through r jxy )uve00s6h y9uh3a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is ingz85uw; govm8: cj:qmvxq*e 8volved in controlling the frequency at which it beatsvzqv8mjeq;ggu 85 :c :oxm8w* ?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to measure water u rni 3bink8(*an-qu/cptake in plants. ai*8(c/unn riqn3k-b

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) is/are true? 85e25qlb-cq dpotg 4*m87mqb:rdbg g
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out of ,ypil13o wx e 1p/e6v k;liwn3the hearek6wiylp ;1,pv33 nw lo/ex 1it?

  The diagram below shows8labwq. e e+bcde0b 34c-r ih. the structure of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart ikr l-;kh;st *grq9u6 os blood pumped into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood fro1 l/.vx h ,,lr4cvxetu qdt/r0m the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive propert my5k4 lns65bxies of water allow xylem vessels to transport water inside plantsxb5ys45l nm6 k.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass through durin+yd).ry-hnwp d92ghw22w,l 7k hk0auwsik;ng phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of al.o xa8 u *vrso0nunnuu938 3artery occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber v8l3 n *x3uonu.uorna9us80a stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory system of a fis g czdb4;ob o7,i9e3lsh.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structu a2bcz,k5ygi dqi 3zs 7uoc *87c4+ffgre of a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an electron micrograph of a cross-section ofn2em21r uzq5 h a stem of2r 5qmn hue21z the monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of xw6(07ova*qns ri*u9kp bg* op5*iibthe human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Zea May1k.bv2 +rdtj t:c1)n y,-cf fulobx u/s.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of zndx5:i0;4 nq uhqz9 jwater in leaves have on other parts of a plan5qidjx 9 0 n;qnhuz4:zt?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar vp reyc5k(o2nw h 21wr*ufh6t quc,9 i;alves at the point in the cardiie5t,upcq9wr1h6unfy 2 h;c ok*r(w2 ac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose tqasgnnea+n0rd3; xj 23h*p: being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, before being transported around the p2p0q+dn ;3s t3*ahax:nngjre lant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a developj 29621x b dfxupy2vqting shoot taken at 400× magnifip df2jyq6xbv2u9xt 12cation.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylem vessees 2ye *-vsl+pls to be lower than atmosphy* e lps+-sev2eric pressure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by root* xd)wt*pjh2 1 yau6pis?

1.Outline the risk factors andggnkxg. 5, cg,hywn3qs,,+ in consequences associated with plaque buildup in the c.3ngny,w q5+,x ,hsnkcgg, igoronary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have the highest lignin contenteib .59p9me1 pb+g3lpkv 0o dv?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used radioactivelyjatvs, ey y:82 ljuki7l,v5x4o;h h)m labelled carbon di ulkx )t 7;j:lvy,8ivjo42h,5 hmsayeoxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem folg 9w 2.r;opm; voi:jlund in the stem and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solut*mz-,g yz: trf7l8sdle concentration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tubes near the leaves and roots?*gl fmsdz, -8 ty:lzr7

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in thekhi6sh * y, br.pgeg8)5vv4u+,anxww left atrium, left ventricle and thgwh gv5brxk ,pu .h* vsyn4)8,ea6 +iwe aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies features of sieve tube elrbk9kd7kgdi-8 .j c p*d3o5c jements?

  This image shows an aphidn*t1 hcx4 upyid5;wg bkx/m ,, with its stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study transport in plants,dtgxhix b np5c/ 4k 1,*uwm;y.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.