Which of the following does not cause co 90oc1025yj21drihh6ya wow emt7 ihqronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood a1c e/r7czen7is mainly composed of water and transports water-soluble substances to dif7a/nr ze 7cce1ferent parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature ofv zp6qzze7/w )z9oqc- phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar transport :r i5mpq-4y41tlj uz* e(atxj in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood qnv 0jj+* fgf4in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, isd 3x./e8t nxfw a species of flowering plant which is often used as a 38/nxxt wd.femodel for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the structure and func hr92eodx8i3x +wk k2stion of different blood vessel 28392 he+id rkwxxskos?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section th l7/h1xe*mpm vxdql)2 rough a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling the frequency at which i.vo527 i vp8jg-l*myw6j;fh1z tolj w t beats*.yl1vz vo 6hw8 wgj2i-5jflomtj 7p;?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to mea hx+(enx+m:pxbzlg9+sure water uptake in plan:n9bx +xp elz(h+gx+mts.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statemedxgddh -/*fcpzbs l 8)e*30gint(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blobh :lf j0) /c,b atn:wbr(4zlood flow into and out of the heart4,rnh(:) zwolb/bat:0 j cfbl?

  The diagram below shows the structure of qxqy qi3c.-v+,) lh7rt9z nw 31 cwlrcthe human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is bloo:v6gyt d;hb 3md pumped into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxyg3 :xno 6glf0o,wldos n:d 4nit))1tchenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow xylem vessels to trancj;q,(9 ysvzl sport water i lcyjv9z, ;s(qnside plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose 6tb3 zv)j5c6 i6lzgpxo a/sl( pass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion ont f398 wvj jn/j +takju/5tll* blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a j k+l8*fv9t lj5tju nw3//ajt rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory system of o zu71leil 9g;a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure ofe2ay5tjoot q865h4 cg a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an electron micrograph of g,)y5m:u ooyma cross-section of a stem of thyo,mo:5)muyg e monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human heartewle+3g8a6i m(: qfk)su * lfh.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the :7e/gbj dsn j -vr0cjeh1gf-2stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of watey 0o k.febgyjeujd/(i5z te)4xf (piw.u::w+ r in leaves have on other parts of a plant?iwkobi(j05+: z guw):/y4jf. e(y d xftpeue.

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves 3,wackjn8 vz) 7c7l/8 , hesouyqrd5t at the point in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greates ) h jl/y7qu,ra ,d7wev3nsctz8ko8 5ct?

  The diagram shows sucrose beingev):y:kg mz(oe q)2xb passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, befor) ye: vxeq):zgm bk(o2e being transported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a developing hswxkld /6sth +(81umshoot taken at 400× magni+8km6t1(s l/ hwdu sxhfication.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure ino se 3-5vsgb.xside xylem vessels to be lower th3v 5eo-bs xs.gan atmospheric pressure?

  How are most mineral i6kla*46lx u4hotr.*0 o wo yqyons in the soil absorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and u g1: ,bmah-ygk(hj:(jk+paaconsequences associated with plaque buildup in the1akmggaj bhu kj p+,h(a ::y-( coronary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have thplb5ko.eu12e ,g nn, te highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment which used radioa2e q7m:nis(d9 un;hl k dip-u9ctively labelled carbon 2hl7:99; qui(nu ddke s-i npmdioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stetw+s5k./1 p-hw gp tszm and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressuc37v2 g+6 vmabp4icknre within the sievegvp+c62mi4ak3nv c7 b tubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the lbb rm5:fl6of3 s5 -ohchanges in pressure in the left atrium, left ventr5 -o br hs6f3bf5lolm:icle and the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly ide 9e4uz9z c3cqfntifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have bg*q*0.x aa odm72die aeen used to study transq.ma70 oa 2 xig**dadeport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.