Which of the following does n6;eizhc58tyo i4 gytb z6kwj 8y :w,2aot cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly cotffi8xt km0 -8c uwonw.c+o,;mposed of water and transports water-soluble substances to different parti ouf;+0xc wo-kt tnf. m88,wcs of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a fhx70 far.ty t8y*x;)t y ,f6el8hx0kqmqt1kseature of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar transport in phloem?tu4dr oz+5k ,-zf; akg

  What helps prevent the backflow of blo;z7q/frul /l:ri-evm i;s0ph od in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a ac a)89g4 ynoz;g6jhispecies of flowering plant which is often used as a ;9i gjo4c8h)6n gzayamodel for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the struc57r)i/rt8r ovu n2hs xture and function of different blood rrhiv7t2)ruo 5n8x s/ vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through a lea3v,pp0 o6xbju4b0v9z us.n e aaja+m6f.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling the frequency at which xu+ p0:w d,vpjit bep,v0d+xjpw u :ats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which isai89p5w g zpq0 used to measure water uptake in plants.g0a 5 wpzqpi89

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statejc moo02*a,sp ment(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood f; rp yd7 yaj/uz:of30klow into and out of the heart?;jrpyzfk07da :y/ u3o

  The diagram below shows .3 xm :gx1a +pr4drshbthe structure of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of tye/5bt)w+8v z nzfyy5he heart is blood pumped into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated b7 o.8g;qdc :/7e gcmw+w onubtlood from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow xylem vessels to transp/uolj y(:r, ckort water in,:r ( yklj/cuoside plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose p9;s+:yhnin opass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion on blood preshdsp,o62ijr 8 sure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric o8hs6r, p2ijdpump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents (cg/2wwlx *ns buvi7+the circulatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure n5j1sr f7*pojc/0mmtof a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an elg0tz7rug; p5 gectron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the monoc5rzgtug g7;p0 ot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the sse 1km7 q*a6gyqn4a*structure of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrographxac.1(tv r5h8apb y 6x of the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in uks *wm6x5,6oszw4h xleaves have on other parts of a plan4*56m xk6ss,ouwzh wx t?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at thzu5 ,jsx-n n*oe point in the cardiacsn ,j n-*xuo5z cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided,lv7167anw c;dtk og n( before being transported around the plantglt77a16 v;n dkow (cn.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem veson0ev nxik:6,sels in a developing shoot taken at 400× magnificaoiv60nk ,:e nxtion.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylem vessels to be lowyxn6 a+a s51)lt,x di y6gzla0er than atmospheric prextxg1y +ayd5,0)n66la a zl isssure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by dgeae gma* l2c o21,o1roots?

1.Outline the risk facto)f,d9wt+ f)mx2ujq ) rmp,at ars and consequences associated with plaque buildup in the coronary arteries.m,)a92a+ )pm,xj q)wft dut fr

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have the h8u ften)lpd+ x9*qr/uighest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experi lya/vrxj2g 2 gf1y2c3ment which used radioactively labelled carbon dioxidec/r12 yag3gy2jvx l2f (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast t:i6ayg l (nx3uhe phloem found in the stem and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration and hydz5h5j mg w(ue *b*cz(wrostatic pressure within the sieve tubes near the leave*czwuw m*( eh5bj(zg5 s and roots?

  The image below represents th ht2 9so6 g/- 2azwseabds7ek,e changes in pressure in the left atrium, left ventz, 6bg9sasetohea2 s/-d7w k2ricle and the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table2l 09bh0 1qzwqwe))xx :g8wch qo p;wg correctly identifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with yalfpqy *)xen+yj e:d8,zr 67 its stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study tra6e ny y,*x8qfj a:p7lyr +)edznsport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.