Which of the following does no)jrl.gz(3hl 1++dcsw9fn lc xt cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water bc 02r.ypr 6cpand transports water-soluble substances to different 2 y rprcp6b.0cparts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature of ph 2zwyi* 07v)epxk zf/yloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table isi9s7nq)b 1pzb tl8qe g4ilo 2 3ob:obkd,cq (+ correct for sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood in)b9 ytp:e9rr3 n7vtj +wgef. g a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured belos3ipw7+4 qduzt*6 x f(opbow/w, is a species of flowering plant which is often used as a model for the study pd6b (fxi* so+ 3o7u/z4 twpqwof seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table bel4cub,c 4a)xgu,ri x4pow is not correct for the structure and function of different blood vessels?, 4rigua u4cp )4,cxbx

  The micrograph shows a transverse secti *x p2:(uudstl(+pen fon through a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart itrgp7- pd 24e/ uvmkk ug/nqz:88r9mbs involved in controlling the frequency at which it bea/tudup-qg898 kbpzmkv:e4/rn7 m gr2ts?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to measure wat:lpd)y1iq212 wwren hur0 az (er uptake in plants w)rl:p2w ne2 (yirz dau0qh11.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) igx)k z+l.i k vss9tlfp.cs(:0s/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and o4 . d6jfeykr*hut of the hea j.*h4d6 fkreyrt?

  The diagram below shows the stru:6e2ia(8 *tb)vf.i jkh vatc rcture of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped intyd.nf p ;l 4*kk(;lq+xwc-dx 3m2n zmfo the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to tymk*) 2z hf mkkz,tjj (:nu5/the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive propertbp:3 h* a+..-wkvi +asew0lzzagm v h8ies of water allow xylem vessels to transport water inside pla3-h kahz+8wl .meisva g.0pz*wb+a:vnts.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures doesawj/esl: . ( id9bemr/4v-fhq sucrose pass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the er 0h qq7 o8sg0.f1rhdbffects of artery occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end wabgh0qfh1 d0rq8o7. rss sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatop keu s6x9g .+ghe 1mfbgr)6g-ry system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure ofmzj/ w(pu6x1j a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph bel exxco(+97ejqsol( r)b d:u2a ow is an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the x(qdr:esob 2(97aje uo) +lcxmonocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structureqi-tm)hzze7qxy7ns/ y d9)) r of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the m m7kn z:g qo.1h8( r6gvq rrlvp:mv,,jonocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evtez(f c)uo m1 bjr fdhrb/+3(u(6m9p taporation of water in leaves have on other parts of a plao hb+ub3 rr9m(zje(pdt(f 1fu)/6c mtnt?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the poin. qsi,uwsbe *33fsh9qt in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatesf biw3.9sushq e*s,3qt?

  The diagram shows sucrovr6y+8eobvt*i vqh1c p scp*c fu,l.q -9u14gse being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, before tce, uryhp fi bc*vo84* -glcp6v .qu19+v1q sbeing transported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a deve.pi)ib5 g5ch/)n )wyra bqs6jloping shoot taken at 400× ma.)is)56/nb wcqi ) y5ra hbpjggnification.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that cau7vu*0 dll r)xgses the pressure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmosph*v 7xgrdll)u0 eric pressure?

  How are most mineral +nczq 2oi9lq, ions in the soil absorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated witrq.v xn,7w3 r1q)jtx ndi++ugh plaque buildup in the coronary q.qr 7 rudg1n3x)nj+ iwvt, +xarteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the followingd)x cl fq4 ( (:yfm qopj.-oqpxh,3pb7 is likely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experftkv :;s 9ibbn-6z33jyjh z8rky* 7x piment which used radioactively labelled carbon dioxide (1ry;kt p b9:37jk3nyv s6*fhzix8z bj-4$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in th i;nlyxd;)q(2jj 9niw e stem and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents thxm u5t3)4rvj ge solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tubes near the leavesjv5gu)4 rmtx3 and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in the left atncgr9m,9u) 2xrv* o kmrium, left ventricle an)n9r k*gx u c2,rvmm9od the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the tabh/f4vmqjxe 21 le correctly identifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet inserted into adir:w)*6el.* vwx tyg plant. Aphids have been used to studvg* y*t i.6:w) rdwlexy transport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.