Which of the following does noti: um:7bfnx r:;mjnt3 cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and transports w4ah6up- grj,a zmi61c ater-soluble substances to different parts of th6z1g ca 4pi-a um6j,rhe body?

  Which of the following is/are a fe0n xlkh 20zhvnwk4 gw(1x-(aa ature of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar tran+du7j.b2 2 huqtu2gxkqd8n4 xsport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backfhl;rnwz4 c1rdfvb j,5s71 9 mwlow of blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowering plaaon8q4s c rlb, /fge32nt which is often used as a model foabq3er/8 , n2ls cfg4or the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not +kaz5m uvb 0g5correct for the structure and function of different bloobz0u ag55 v+mkd vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse sei ejws1a:838rnb, i vection through a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart isun6q padiik1u :z/f6 7 involved in controlling the frequency at which it bea7 : auuzk/6 p6nqdiif1ts?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is )fhg 6 v izsf9)fh2m.isy*7hfused to measure water uptake in plantshh y6fv*gs.ffim sih2)zf79) .

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) is/ar+ ralv , o0)w*acky5bve true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows thq;(hyd .syp :ce direction of blood flow into and out of the heart?q h;c:py ds(y.

  The diagram below shows tht f39a7cxs frfg 3 qatp8ri656e structure of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood + 4wc vg(gfg*cpumped into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxybd:bcp r82g9ey.eo c; genated blood from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water f /lz)y;xcwnk(,mz5 2-reksl allow xylem vessels to transport water inside kcl(nkz2-; l,e/fzm) rx sw 5yplants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass through durindie9 qxun ):j-h3ppp)g phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion on blx ;fly90dqyz: ood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric yz l f09x:;yqdwater pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory systxhn- 9- +w d68 cflwfra/dpxh2em of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a he;s o/)mt/pkc 2f75ri6nnvxr ,dqb* am art.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is fz-3*c:ap h,trhe6 u:yql*ulan electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stemp::,uh6u 3 ezt lc-*arlfh*yq of the monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the strq w:)is)ej4gr/4au 1w;u jhkxucture of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Ze+eyv 3q44 w2jtvc) rl vxp1ov4a Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in leaves have mn ;f;j6 ecu-pon other parts of a planme -f;;p ujnc6t?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the point8slo (c nytbb5i94 us8z-iky2 in the cardiac cycle at whiklzsniyt4yo5cbsu29 (- 8 i 8bch the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaideir.5a: h wrwt38s,xg i5a8xr rd, before being transported around w5 h t x,w8i sa:ir8.xr5ga3rrthe plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a dev4behv* rcez7 hv lc5j7 b/q*.peloping shoot taken at 400× magnifica *7j/c7ec 5p*v.rhlhqe4v z bbtion.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the d:9 lvsd 5m4fj+) xegfpressure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmospheric pressure9vxe)f5mdg lsjf4+d: ?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil zbqs1io8*jmo3cr y (oumn5/1 absorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque.7cc2aypfxg78 fw1q m buildup in the coronary artefxm2acyw 8p7fc71 .gqries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have the highes,af uw86x8p ext lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experily)6+wv0qak z ment which used radioactively labelled carbon diox 6av+yz0)kwq lide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and the pvlj/ )7pnap9 root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents thjni) 832iw34dtoo0ov f d,xspe solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve tu0xt4ov,iwp)d3 jdo o3 f 2in8sbes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in the left atrium, left ve/ xsh8q* 9 .mm8jomwzmntricle and the aorta. jz 9 w8./oxmhmsq*m 8m

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifiewp :;o )krap9vs features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an apnpotuk recf:ue*)a7r (a y:.4hid with its stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study transport in plantsory4 c*: akeu.(aufe7t n pr):.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.