Which of the following does nl45 faltulzly8q -l 72ot cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water re5 u0c:ey* 2 lbu9uucand transports water-soluble substa25 yru ul*:c9uubec0ences to different parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature of ma;(h y+(eqkf phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar transport in pll) ke jzb(u(uv2dgt 9p5yq :/hloem?

  What helps prevent the backf z90 4ohj3i axz6ft;njlow of blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of fpyiol,ce19xubc 9gf po 7o1 8.lowering plant which is often used as a model for the stude b1lgo87 9o1u,9iypxpfoc.cy of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is n;kw5r/.*fae dz6o(ml y.alit ot correct for the structure and function of different blood vlek. ;f * 5(my lzdworia.t/6aessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section thro 92ry/qki 7dqjoar7s6 ugh a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling the frequency at whic5 g +n; +3zls,zlfjcfgh it b5g3lz+ ;,jzs+fcfgl neats?

  The diagram below shows a potox r 4upvr-a3p2ce-y z*moez0e13f 9omg x 9a6rmeter which is used to measure water uptake in plantaf9 942prm 0pauz*e r- c3m1xo3oey-zver6xgs.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) i3w7j7y,i fz cr3cyh.wokyd ) 4s/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the followine/ 9(. uq4m;oi vir+ua j)5w0xlrqd0ec4jdlz g shows the direction of blood flow into and out of the healuzd we 04o)xi0954/li dr ;mvqq(j+ue jca.rrt?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human o :g,*xpwl: s2gwk 4zxh3 ja1kheart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the hearmv ffo1iu 34o u-wgbp5f65y5u t is blood pumped into the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to t xlmj ,)e6kdowwz)q8l j0jcz*q.6aj+he heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive pryq+e.w cp 7+0kx2 7sh *hhlhmroperties of water allow xylem vessels to transport water inw +k*mhcehq2hly0. x r7+h7psside plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucr/x-blz7ijz ;m zb(v rh-p a5w7ose pass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion on blood pressure t8rf.jljiz4; , students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turnlj;.t jz84f ired on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatory system 4z5ml4dt lq5 gof a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of*iv9gj5 5w*hrcagb fg6o 36b h a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an elhuki 2 ct80/5/ x;fa ifqzuep0ectron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of thf8u kpiz0 uh;0f/ t5/i2qeacx e monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structurykw s;:bnb ; s:s*i8nbe of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph oa2p-ed,*x .pric f/ aof the stem of the monocot Zea Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of wanl(f u d8k(okmev af:2k(b*9;yq(gwfter in leaves have on other parts of a planu9bk*(vlf:yw(2a;(gm oqn (8kffkd e t?

  What is the position of the atriovd89pf ))np rik;ew -p3o7bp cventricular and semilunar valves at the point in tp 7v) n3k 89cfpo-;wbpde)rpihe cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loadef*gd f,slp*ggi xjvxs-q y:u 50a39 6vd into the sieve tube unaided, before being transpvlg,qfdi 3x:9g5ap* s6x g*ujvf-y s 0orted around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a develo i1/mbqai5.yc ping shoot taken at 400× magnification. aqiyc.b 1m/i5

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor r-p egd zht/l25dil v30 +a8gwthat causes the pressure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmospheric pressug vdt/80p 2h a-e+3l d5lzgwrire?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by roots nl(d.kfpg*lv 8p5 +4 saymb4r?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque buildup h7 s. w;zj fr3f*cref 75)dxdrin the c*.hf csddf r we;r5z7f7rj3)x oronary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following isapc10,qnnw904dt x l ku30zps likely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of lyj:xvq, t)+san experiment which used radioactively labelled carbon dioxidex +)t, :jsqlyv (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and thwa;(j.z+bv,mmf i an7 p4ad: ve root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure wit *;8(p y(y wqxjf9lglphiy(8g*y9p qx;jp l wfl(n the sieve tubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in the left a +rdetkyd97t7slgss.2p x 41btrium, left ventritdkp4x7 lt7+s.e92 dyssb 1g rcle and the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correc)mfiuc.:k g: 8a,bkx dtly identifies features of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its 6wfi pj99.*v7hdsce q stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used 7sejq d c9 wph.v9f*6ito study transport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.