The Arctic cod, ringed seal, z *d/s+r:hcws killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the z* rhd+/:wscs following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following4 zbz7ca 4fwri( ymt:qtb,m39c m45db would not be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a ha+ztba6e3 j6az38b x* raoc.ewbitat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wi ymujg0x4t6:l ygj, e2th high productivity, despite in2 4gye0ju6: ,gjytmxlfertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth in arid (dry) environment lncr l9h0x41m1w ilg+s?

  Which of the following is not a factor required for coral reef formation cf..h.pfu)tizwtz f-tr j 6-3?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure using a line transecc4.tgby o iffsudj7 -8v5l6.pwr 7o(st?(j6ub.doi wf 75r o8v.cfsgs-t7p y4l

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the eff9n/qi jy3d o,1xg8cq dect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up 3gyddjiq9x/8cq ,1 no the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following fao:af g(q24 g*vcij8yweb8, qfctors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high temperatures, high 1o fbv+xg g/.orainfall, and high hg+o1bo /.gvx fumidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species nut bru4x:*t)kmiqu.,: ae 5 opq5:kxvw.o ;yoften found growing on sand dun:* xnx: orukyqbt, m5 wt:5p)oquivak;.u4.ees.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central /d) dq 7gotv;qand South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for v /q ddgtqo);7it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms specix*p1m kgo,o.4 4 e7t jxyj8hjfes, population, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.