The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisqdh1c5j q c x(;cio4be,i+m o2ms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcticqod cx1cic2jib+5h4o( q e;,m Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following wouldoe 4n* *qze1fbbiu( 9z not be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a k;24qkc iqqw-b h7yd1habitat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a larrkm*x. 76 xldz x(peial pw4-0ge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils.rpxl wz*mpi7 l64-k(.d axex 0 The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth in aq+eebrtd:o-d7 t/k (arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factokjzfw0pcd8ln t 4 :zz y3meaz, d2)nbg49e3g6r required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measuwfnwh2e, e /nmud;4 bga56m6-bg;fp/qdl0ge re using a line transect?lwed qhg2 /gefbnnwa p64,b;5 ud -eg;mm 60/f

  During a field day, students were asked to investi od(bc, )(pod5urlj;wh sy4z 0;quxq (gate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number oddjc(b()( os;q; u4hwlzx5 pyor,0u qf plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following facr4uz) / ,kk xugfzr*+vtors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes i7h xp* kpl+h1 ,fn(g5ubfw t3fs best characterised by high temperatures, high raink51gnw fu x+l3pf7h hb*,tp(ffall, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, i n8up o:qwigr((y,/wg :gka*qs a plant species often found growing on sand dunes.8 o n(r ,/i wu:ygp*wga:q(gkq

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is +dh4 woe5v2drr(ho 7sfound in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extendw4vohr2 os 7he+r5(dd above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, a4a1osv,y 4wlncqp0, rnd community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.