The Arctic cod, ringed sealddt o -d..p 4(dk+yrny, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctnod . dyp4d. y(kt-d+ric Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered anpsvifp68;w +. miw(cl abiotic factor?

  What best defines a hkiki8(s 8/pthabitat?

  Rain forests are known to had;mqm 0a px;ot9si2j. 0bu1cq ve tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of manmqso0b0xaut.;im cd q2j9 ; 1py interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth cx+pwhg8 zd88+kzn1n in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor required for coral reef formati ((1lj btz(louon?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure using ;pkc.hm, 7 yh*mvfadb9ll1 g ,a line transect?l1 hpf,h* k;9 glcv7m.dma b,y

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate 6 fh6 8lu*dp qi7zi3kpthe effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measure l6dhzuikip*3fq7p8 6 d the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors creat4 up1fl (u2bwy3bswe/)wyy0y e biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterc;7o y66qzazgz1 lfd)l o/ 5ueised by high temperatures, high rainfall, aa6f )dco qz7uez lg lo1z;/6y5nd high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species x)j(s /t0mawz;- dqe5 vcsyxa+tw x4;often found growing on sand dunesawdq0y ct;s); 4(xsz+-exa5mvx jw/ t.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainforests of Cent5k ucc-vpkb,x tt+y vm a8,3c.ral and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in ordx,c uvk +km-apty .,c tc853bver for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms spe:.noid u5d zy4cies, population, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.