The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,ty/do3x vkee1psg/ /. polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wdetv/p/y3se xkg o/. 1aters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following woul:l dpksq(qxlg r/;c56 d not be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a hfx7x8: s f sf7d-eq3aeabitat?

  Rain forests are known to have5,rx r hucnmc 6(zy3+f tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing cfru3,cnhz6 + ycr m5x(onditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plac1x3g;ts o2j;y/ j6h5iw aeiqnt growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor 2igsv(i+ius 7 zek i/6required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is+ u7 7laeqhw8m7vi f01px1 vypf f;jv, the most appropriate to measure using a line transect?ijql771;yvu p7,8 vfvxwa+f1fphme0

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the effecidseg lmw4 tkz7l36i-vln1ek .abb(0t m (s2 +t of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. Tts 2 kmlk aeeg d(ib+ wzt(6431m-.il7b0lvsnhe distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the followirpo6z6px* k :mr gvs14ng factors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is bes k08nb-.a, jltn y)*i:ahbqjm t characterised by high temperatures, high raint*j q.,nm8bkjanh0)y:b al i-fall, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant speciesz+bhf3 ul:m dn88 r,kn often found growing on sand dune n3bru8m zdf:+hn,k8ls.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the /f0qmw vg6.wj:1zyn u tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It han 6fq0/zg1.m ju yw:wvs buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, rup95u/,l 68jrq qc7citw;z tand community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.