The Arctic cod, ringed seaffz1z00cat,qd ) lcc: l, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and, dcfcqf )1z0 0zcta:l interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would nov7 7uknebpl2h,7 ( xj3 bs0cnmt be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habitah6-ha4f k2hf le,ehxurn+f: (t?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high hum1np87kxr rjm -/8sp. s:yl3 ti1e:hrqpn )productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species alsu ypq8 h:13)sh:prrnmnrx i.7s-8mp1lkt je/ o interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limitingeb 7w50uw ::8i wji+ ie/sfj3cbt3cxn factor for plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following ieaoc gi(dn1r0e :fx-apvo3;+ s not a factor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measurd (*bodsgf 3pyo:5r9nm 8n,g re using a line transect?y *,gog5d83:snfm9rpb n ord(

  During a field day, students were asked toyc-vok6w5(wd+jfg l y 11( sbm investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances1smj-1wwl c+gfkvd 5oyy b6(( from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors crd2ulr/c(v te r e3ejeq6n392geate biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best charactl hvr t a255o k32ro h)nafg2-6sgue3berised by high temperatures, high rainfall, and highhosa)u3r t l23aok- ehggn6b 522rf5v humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species o;v(nrp 58c;/.lypnq t; aefgoften found growing on sand dunes.topn5/p8a feglnc. v(y;; q;r

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured ben0 l ,( sw5n(xmdblrk4low, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that sk((r,mn4lb5nxw d0 lextend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms spec *1m ixoi6uer410u en 0m8nc ci(m)qdzies, population, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.