The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, poh/kuuo 9dd( b8lar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the coldd b (8u/9hduko waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following woukg 9a9ojw t;1novm7n,ld not be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habi+3 ziss ;- dq.kbe/fpitat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a lar7;4ddc1xi 0d. inu+aiue nbq,ge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physd0ibi+ncd 7,nq;uex 4ui.d1a ical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant gro/8/hr oddd/kb wth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factoei8b:kq3hqi/lf9r9z qa 7.um r required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is th hw: f4vvsw0q ,ajg)+6wu4eg u h,z,ole most appropriate to measure using a line transect?6 0+4w,l ugo4, vwzqufvgh)ah j wes,:

  During a field day, students wl*x / zj eapz;bng7n-+ere asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number o b7zga/n*xjepl ; -z+nf plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors create,x. .g vnjth)tt0g0wm:3 qqg fw j8t(m biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high temperatures, hig.88.cyr e v/tylrt7a lh rainf7lreatcl8.tvyr 8 ./y all, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured bewmy93 7r qvsr9(m g3 azv:0nxzlow, is a plant species often found growing on sand dunes. rs7wg vyxm9 z (azq0:mv9n 3r3

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is wion/q ykj2z(8 )zzi04zjvv ) found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has b/j ( 0z8z)y)2wv4ijoqzikn vzuttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, popula x4kns:w0ie (czd8bl. tion, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.