The Arctic cod, ringed seal, ct8qrnlz)ls82-0a)(kf yb w h killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in th)ta()h y-f lq8 k2z sbcrlw08ne cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered an abiotic fah r1a40 okv)zn outp ja0yy,3.ctor?

  What best defines a habit,m qypey4w07gkws 2hww1yt(( at?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a:ssi p2(el, /g0e p1ca. ldxmv large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soilxl/sagv p1m0pd,l.s c e( ie:2s. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limitiyxa) 6ngl 6, n6+f7 oxffjx7etng factor for plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor required for coral reef formation?t5kib**zj ;rk

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to meat d93+.o1 /wn egkmwz0r;nxv dpb-6v psure using a line transect?zxv 3ro gn6/dpm-wpt+;d90k wv.eb n1

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the effect of hgiusrd cxek k46v ife;(./*;u(ic 1 lsoil salinity oiu u .i rc;hk6*;ikf(1l d/x v(s4eegcn the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors createyou * 7g53ujfer16 r1jgr mo/ q9jboj2 biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best charaejvez cqxl 8)+a25ej(cterised by high temperatures, high r852vejqe xezla j c)(+ainfall, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, i3 u( gd( b8 6xpcefkjees)/ws/s a plant species often found growing on sand dunkc3 gp((x )8jsswu 6deee b/f/es.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured belo5 7.,5h f9 .kcvorb etoi4hccbw, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow ta.toe55hvbb9 4 o fk7h icr.c,cll.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and community. hydwj *.(ijv6

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.