The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar u gv4+,1rlthr bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Whi 1ur,gr 4+hvltch of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered an abiotic d uh8g tt+;qylx:8jjfos-v 57factor?

  What best defines a habitaaiwd(idv:b10ot:5jt 1q vpa / t?

  Rain forests are known b:3 bsd,m 7m2b+lyr+7u rv svxto have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of man +mdbsbs3vlr:7 7bmu2yrv+, xy interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plaa 40h)wn0r+9kar d6 -kclrtfknt growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor required fy,.j ps 0:v6lbofa*mv:ckfn 0or coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate th.upoa1rctj-yr2a13 k.wlh765wrf f o measure using a line transect?u- fk hhlac..1rr72 tp3ay1 6f5wwojr

  During a field day, studentqq76 a;*yd jsq+1hl zcs were asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The resultlhcqa 1zqj*s+; y67dq s are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors createegs28n ppvfg- 4 np*h1)bbd7cm01 vp m biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following bio3gdnxrles9ig c 7*m(5h8y9 ;5shuz hg mes is best characterised by high temperatures, high rainfall, and high humiditi*rs yls;dn7 9e zum(59ch3hgh5 xgg8y?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often found growingj0)tfj d bw2k+(ypd y(fo8adbwlv 0dnms1: 70 on sand dunad:j yfns8t wb070wk2 (ybo v( lf+jm0dp dd)1es.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, picturfp)w84henq jg7/7,di c cclw )ed below, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South Americ, / ic)wc7 qnlw8j)7e4fdcpgha. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and communit g+:4c;)b sv cs;ntq myxi1e u7zao,*ly.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.