The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orn g*-r1eisaf3p,gu 5a1)06i reb qr txganisms live and interact with each other innt6, re rg iqsfp1i b1 *r)gaeuax5-03 the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the followi y-xc:n)s zk8cng would not be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habitatzfsr nm,2 l9z6g.v1op?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a l,nfgvhe(k4cxu 9v xp:s(r/.a arge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent orgap:k.hgvnrc (/sfv9e(, ax 4xu nisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth in arid3rr duu;y7 /zfvmlz *9 (dry) environments?

  Which of the following y-.9 5gnse tqa:cm1cbis not a factor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure using a line transug(l dg4 az4b; ea9am8ect?l 4g(um z8d9 4geaaa;b

  During a field day, students were asked to investigatos28nx:v q2ctuf1at3e the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measurot3n2fu21s tv: 8xq aced the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors create -wk h(3,sw4l0kgpp))( idphcpif w9x biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterisetyq9 w875 y8mwts8sa rd by high temperatures, high rainfall, and highw5at9s s m8t87qwry 8y humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often found growing on sand dun s-f;ec5wi d8zesse;- z8ifc5d w.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical t2qi; *qam4m5l p 4hjrrainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extendq2i mp 4 *;4qjh5tralm above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and commuvtvlkwo)/)+/h vqdu1 nity.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.