The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whalero(6ykmy gu a s5q(k7jang -8,, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters (y5 (y7g6oka k8q,smgaruj n-of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered an abiotic fac0inoqdu+g1idvy36. u tor?

  What best defines a habibs g9k knmf.8c-2 dak+tat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomassa6;/5ws qo nxcp4g 8cg with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inh g85qw6sngpx4ca;o/ c abit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth *t1pw0ni j4 v /6tcxsgz( dm7rin arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is -,9d 5isavqeonot a factor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate tolehg i l331d7t measure using a line transect?d7h3i3 legt1l

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the ef 6jsee,4*y,l4iy:o xtn vxgc+5k /onyfect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tiden6og:teji lsx4cy yv,ek5,4 /yn o+x* line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors creat)ggow+x,;jvj vmv 526j:g vywt7/k rde biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised +zn ztq/ iy4t3by high temperatures, high rainfall, and high humtz i +tyzq3/n4idity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species oz4 r81do 3 ha3j)fiuafften found growing on sand dunesi31fua34 )rhzd8 ofja.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainbxt dob(ib;(d2gf;9 oforests of Central and South America. It has bb(bodfibo t(2xg; ;9 duttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and)zl6r1sb8s ta community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.