The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wh2*qmprflbg(2f6mj..x uu j 5bale, polar bear and other organisms live an*fj2xbmgu5qu2 m6 bjr (lp ..fd interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered 4hr0 f/7-l jzq e2l(u)xlmmmran abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habita d+nij n ou-gh,2(l09-dd cslw;1oupjt?

  Rain forests are known to hav +pd h.b*pwqw;e tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the pre+ pbwq ;.*hpdwsence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plan4vhpydmedbuo8k 3 l;:e* +-ts t growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor required for coral reef formaob ( imne0v(s)gb yk(.o jv;c0tion?

  Which of the following is the mosthn 9-/e v,r(g fk*6jia; b3, nczljric appropriate to measure using a line transect?;hvganjn/ki3z fc9ecj,, bi -(r 6r l*

  During a field day, students were l7hm h3qvyg2 ,asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levelsvhmg 37y,2lq h. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following fab;3 ejr(kf/m cic 2n-ryqo 5r.ctors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the followingx h ws)e.nu.9hq to*5y biomes is best characterised by high temperatures, high rainfall, and high hue.x*hq n)uw.hsty5 9 omidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often found growing oit 9+6vqt gqznsgvsi6q8z3cm727n*w n sand dunes *q c i6tv8gtis+qq7nz6 m7nz2gwv3s9.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainforestsm l0467obbex+v (j pyx of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to groxxym 6 b70e4oj(lvpb +w tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, populat 8dploey)f x3)ion, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.