The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kill.uy;e o.r,itv l4u jj/er whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the followinltev r.o 4iju j/;uy,.g terms best describes them?

  Which of the followi7z)k h/k)3, jwci zw-hp d1oxang would not be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a 0/x arl tfu io61wa1s4w:fx5nhabitat?

  Rain forests are known to hgwt/5bx)evt9 ios6r 2kbn,v 7ave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms.swer2o56b/ gv 7tnvbx)ki,t9 These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor focmm- p*:v0evgcs0 x 6eg*mhx- r plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following s(k bvgx*-v0 ais not a factor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure using a line tkwrid- u23 )zeransect?kriew 3zu2) d-

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the effect of soil sway,8,imy7 l ialinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant specilyiwi aym, 7,8es found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following,3vynr): txz6xb/mldxl d t49 factors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high 7*z7c2mlq ii /lhi, m(aj)2t .awqr zxtemperatures, high rainfall, and highq(a2lj*7 rt c m,/zi2 li)iw.qax7mzh humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plat 3-q cv0gqhzd6ib v (wp9w;q7nt species often found growing on sand dunecqv0(6dw bz i379 qtq;p-gvh ws.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainforests of Cefwke8kqb.c.1 ntral and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow .bk1q kf8.ecwtall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms spw) irn71iuqo e9y2.h6wy .5qesrbi z:ecies, population, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.