The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear vkd84c w,*n2 h ah(q;gx qwl2vand other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wat* v; 4hqc,v wladq(hkg2 xnw28ers of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be con)zhc(zewflk v,*9 vwzsy45d - sidered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a ) s:pb crw55u kz poa8thx):+ec .7xolhabitat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and rpxv9arn9 4c muhlh9d g/ 3 plmv519j;a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presehvlh;9r 3 /n g1v4u99rmpmcx9a j dlp5nce of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for vo)bozou9f;+f n3 c9 pplant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor require.s0j4f 6 lp9)bkbstnco l z 4grw8ag;4d for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure using atlhc3 5t ej uoc(4t)x. line transect?5.t tjceul )htc(x34 o

  During a field day, students we y2 y56 zbhoa 0ohma;4,uiqhy1re asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the sameaiauoh 5qomhby6;10z2 h4y, y shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors create biomo nl5hkyfb gsbd(x4 18f27i*des?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomif: mr.j( 8keoqk*h9res is best characterised by high temperatures, high rainfah (efmjk8rk.r9* :oqill, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant speciesp3fv(gng+gv: 0q ) gtb often found growing on sand dune0b)3g(tp+ vg: gqvg fns.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainforests ok;0g9arai a0qgrj4r .f Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in r4gq 9ar.ak; i 0argj0order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, popula1;ff ktiibx,. k f:ueeph/+6 ition, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.