The Arctic cod, ring zt3qog2 nuz*/p m.*faed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic/g2**m oau3znpz.q tf Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be consiot*p / t/zzh7j (kjcz.7qbcy8 dered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a ha;2sye:t qm5 ixbitat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large bdlkpc 2kz/)nob4x-7 biomass with high productivit4ck zdl2o7bx kpb )n-/y, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth in arid (dry) lq 4n il)t zm)y2+o3wxx5(gthenvironments?

  Which of the following is not a factor required for coral r jy12sz7 j5s ci5krx8reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure u9 m/ntgd/+c qwqw++0lszf wy7sing a line transect?m ls y+gz7nqcqfd/+w9ww0/ +t

  During a field day, studeng;z z6yq5zpkr5 9d;oj ts were asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the h;g;dqzz5p 96kozjy 5righ tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors create bep *k8:-c :-vs(p ckq dfso/vviomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the followio .ec 8cli0p)9yp-f if8pa(knm/a : slng biomes is best characterised by high temperatures, high rainfall, and high humidityap/fi 8 .a9c -0nkl)8ms:efciplop( y?

Marram grass, pictured bel-qfvkrg+ axzy z ia :64vh*3x1ow, is a plant species often found growing on sand dunezy4f6qk * vxriv -ha+x3:z1ag s.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured i mvy/8r:*yswj)3x hcsy-go) below, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buis y h3) mo)rvcg8s:yxj*-wy/ttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and commu 4m, xwyk31v 9zzbnq ctkdi*3.-fer9dnity.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.