The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer j9y fw/*t z(zswhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of tjzwf s /*t9yz(he following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered an abirns1s f-e2rx,z7om/zotic factor?

  What best defines a habitatuy 2,n) sve lgq4sx22nh 5m+qj?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with highxejl2:sdx0j3wm5n4 j* wk ue, productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture tdl4uwewm: 2xn*53xjek j s,j0 he presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for plant growth in arid (dry)b; ok a1qv,wg5 environments?

  Which of the following is not a fsevyo2- h2+ saactor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure q didla v3ea32 wb;2.tusing a line transect?iwl. 2a3ab evqt 2;3dd

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the effect of soil salini2kexq+ 5x osr:ty on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of sk 2x+:5 exqosrtudents investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors cre3) (xssop yyxk (4yr.eate biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is bemd5ntplw+v d8.ak5 0sg +l6rpz(mk* qst characterised by high temperatures, high rdk.8+pmmll( zp5aqsrvt0 k*+6g wdn5ainfall, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species of8upjutzi1dyy2 j:; w( ten found growing on sand dunes.i:uz u ydjjy(wp21 t8;

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured b:mqe3; 4b;mxa.4)4lvwymt1eowp(gd a liz/selow, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in orde :44qx/ s.4gze ;ld1)m;omy t(bi3mvlw aepa wr for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and cr+yt ;e4y -ztcommunity.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.