The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear m xr7hrse d/. jvhni6vr jkq yr900.81and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of thm9 .rv. i nrjh x8qky/vhr6sd070je1re following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be cons.g)m uvj)g4 c3lykmfpe)4oxh/m ( d)gidered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a :hjps eiy9s58 +p uv,xhabitat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hj2-6r7gc+nli7 an dcr igh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical c n2a i7 ncldr6r+j7-genvironment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor f,cfq-h,wl-d o 29f z wwzyo,t-or plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a fur( dm fipct;xq:ax z2q -w//:actor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure usd;6by21c g4njn zg 8s)j l7oyring a line transect?s)b l 2;yojrg7 n1ny8gz6cjd 4

  During a field day, students were asked to investigata:2 jgyovv aqy0+1u 1ye the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are1jgo y+2uva01qy y:va shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors create bi 0 4jd qqme8rs-)4vmxlomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high te--j;o:;wks p)hwgczj mperatures, high rainfall, and high humidity;c-wjwo;h)-kzjsg p :?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species ofa-.puk(xcz* fe5f;7zw. m 0s cyc,xscten found growing on sand dunesz; f. pem uy*-ccsx.s05c(kf,7awcxz.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central chdc7i98zo6e5*ow1 v9vg vesand South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the sogcvvc5 i ow98 6d7seh9*1zveoil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and tx 7uxtb+twv4x+v5c ci ,6 d3icommunity.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.